H31Z 




Class. 
Book. 



CopsrKiiSh I 

( HART'S vj 



POPULAR SYSTEM 



PRACTICAL GEOGRAPHY, 



FOR THE USE OF 



PUBLIC AND COMMON SCHOOLS. 



A NEW AND IMPROVED EDITION, 

WITH 

CORRECTIONS FROM THE CENSUS OF 1850, 



L 



NEW YORK: 

PUBLISHED BY CAM & BURGESS, 
No. 60. John Street. 

BY BOOKSELLERS THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES. 
1851 



HART'S GEOGRAPHY. 



Recommendation. 

New York, July 15, 1851. 

I have long been familiar with a PRACTICAL GEO- 
GRAPHY by Joseph C. Hart, containing a full and well- 
digested arrangement of Questions on Maps, better adapted for 
Exercises than any other Manual used in our schools. This 
little work will be equally applicable to all the correct Atlases 
in use. I am pleased to have an opportunity to recommend this 
Geography to our Common School Teachers throughout the 
State. JOSEPH Mc KEEN, 

County Superintendent of Common Schools 
for the City and County of New York. 



SMITH'S IMPROVED ATLAS. 

Among th~ many School Atlases which have come under my 
notice, I consider Smith's Improved Atlas admirably adapted to 
illustrate my Geography, and in some respects better calculated 
for that purpose than any other with which I am familiar. 
There will be some delay in preparing the plates for the new 
Atlas which I propose to publish ; and, in the meantime, I cor- 
dially recommend Smith's as a valuable substitute, to accompany 
this New Edition of my Geography. 

JOSEPH C. HART. 

New York August, 1851. 



METHOD OF TEACHING BY HART'S GEOGRAPHY. 




What country do you live in ? 



#f*£> 



POPULAR SYSTExM 

PRACTICAL GEOGRAPHY, 



THE USE OF SCHOOLS, 

AND THE 

STUDY OF MAPS. 

TO WHICH IS APPENDED A FULL EXERCISE UPON THE MAP OF THE 

STATE OF NEW YORK. 



A NEW AND GREATLY IMPROVED EDITION" OF " GEOGRAPHI- 
CAL EXERCISES FOR PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONS ON MAPS," 
ADOPTED BY THE NEW YORK HIGH SCHOOLS, TPIE 
PUBLIC SCHOOL SOCIETY. AND THE PRINCIPAL 
COMMON" SCHOOLS OF THE STATE. 



BY JOSEPH C. HART 



If circumstances 
Which lead directly to the door of truth, 
Will give you satisfaction, you may have it. 

Shak s-pe rr* 



NEW iOUK: 

PUBLISHED BY CADY & BURGESS, 
No. 60 John Street. 

SOLD BY BOOKSELLERS THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES. 



,w. j, i.h$ j.' : ,k • /„..j;-»>' 



Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1851, by 
JOSEPH C. HART, 
the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District 
of NeTf York. 






Stereotyped by Vincent Dill, Jr., 
Nos. 21 & 23 Ann Street, N. Y. 



* a. a 



V ( | 



PUBLISHERS' ADVERTISEMENT. 



It is now over a quarter of a century since the first edition of this popular 
Geography was published by the author. During that time, the system 
perfected by him has come into general use ; and it has continued to be 
preferred by our ablest teachers. This improved and corrected Abridg- 
ment contains, notwithstanding the small number of its pages, a vast 
amount of geographical information, arranged in the most simple, sys- 
tematic, and practical form for classes. As an introduction to an extended 
course of geographical reading it is invaluable. 

The great and striking alterations which have recently taken place in the 
civil aspect of our own country, — the acquisition of new and extensive terri- 
tory, the creation of new States, the increase of population, the taking of 
the census of 1850, and similar changes in foreign countries, have induced 
the author thoroughly and carefully to revise his work, so as to make it con- 
form, as far as possible, to the present state of the Geographical world. 
Thus revised and improved, as a general system, it will be found a ready 
and convenient key to the better class of Maps and Atlases now used in our 
schools ; and it is one of its principal features, that the pupil, by the means 
herein to be obtained, can soon be taught to construct them for himself. 
The author has very properly rejected the multiplicity of facts, usually given 
under the head of Geography in school-books, as useless lumber, and 
therein consists a part of the originality and excellence of his system. 

The introduction of a finished exercise upon the State of New York, an 
Empire within itself, will supply much that is omitted in other Elementary 
Geographies, and commend itself to the Public Schools of the State. 



4®= The author will shortly publish a practical work, on the Elements of 
Aitronomy and the Use of the Globes, which will serve as a Text-Book for 
Schools, upon the plan of this Geography. 



INTRODUCTION TO THE FIRST EDITION OF THE LARGER WORK, 



In preparing the following pages for the use of schools, I have aimed at 
introducing a system of pure and legitimate Geography. Independent of 
the want of correct information in many of the school-books which treat of 
thi.3 branch of study, I conceive that the authors have strayed widely from 
the subject, in crowding their pages, and consequently overwhelming the 
understandings of children, with multitudes of facts which belong to other 
sciences, and which are foreign, to the last degree, from that of Geography. 
When, with a very imperfect sketch of the branch in question, we observe 
notices of Botany, Chemistry, Agriculture, Geology, History, Chronology, 
Statistics, Theology, Politics, and other subjects of description, mingled 
together, and called " Geography,''' — would we suspect its true definition to 
be, — " the science which treats of the natural and political divisions of the 
earth, distinct from its productions V It is because children are compelled 
to commit this heterogeneous mixture to memory, without the opportunity 
of location, that the study becomes uninteresting, and is regarded with such 
unconquerable aversion that the pages disappear before the lessons are ac- 
complished, under the frequent and destructive application of manual fric- 
twn. And what, I would ask, is the utility of committing any elementary 
book to memory, if the facts are not secured by some mental image, or its 
principles by familiar illustration ""? It is practical application, after all, that 
makes the scholar proficient in any science. A correct delineation of the 
earth's surface is therefore of far greater value to the student, than the best 
treatise on Geography that can be written ; and he needs no other aid to 
make the study pleasant and profitable, than a geographical text-book, to 
guide him directly to its prominent features. Conduct a child to the map, 
and he is on the very threshold of the science of Geography, and the know- 
ledge he obtains there will be true and permanent ; but detain him from it, 
and descriptions may be multiplied until his brightest days are buried in the 
vale of years, and a distinct idea of tho subject cannot be conveyed to him. 

A full exercise upon the map of the" State of New York has been appended, 
in order that children may obtain a better knowledge of the magnificence of 
their native State, and feel proud of her consequence. It is not intended, 
however, to propose a particular study of New York to teachers in other 
IStates who may adopt this treatise ; but as every child should be familiar 
with the Geography of his own section of the country, it is respectfully re- 
commended to teachers to write out an exercise on the State in Avhich they 
are giving instruction, and cause it to be thoroughly understood by their 
pupils. Should this be deemed unnecessary by any, it is presumed a suffi- 
cient quantity of matter will be found in the work for general use, of a 
character calculated to lead to just geographical views of the Western 
Hemisphere ; to awaken some new ideas in the bosom of the young 
American, and keep his imagination at home when he would contemplate 
nature in her loftiest character of sublimity, and man in the enjoyment of 
all the blessings of the happiest government on earth. 

Having long tested the merits of the plan of teaching almost exclusively 
Prom maps, and being satisfied of its vast superiority, I lay the system 
before a &seri minuting public without further apology. 



vu 

NOTICES OF HART'S GEOGRAPHY, PUBLISHED IN THE 
EARLY EDITIONS. 



New York, September, 1824. 
Mr. J. C. Hart. 

Dear Sir,— Your Book is received, and I think well of its plan and execution. 
I have long operated on the system of teaching Geography almost exclusively 
from maps, and your book at once relieves me from a very great portion of my 
labor ; I mean that of inventing the exercises at the moment when they are to be 
used. I know your zeal and ability ; I have witnessed your success : and you 
may be assured that whatever I can do for the promotion of your views, or the 
advancement of your interest, shall be most cheerfully done. 

Your cordial friend, D. H. BARNES, A. M. 

Associate Principal of the New York High School. 



EXTRACT FROM THE MINUTES OF THE MECHANICS' INSTITUTION. 

New York, November, 1824. 

The Mechanics' School Committee, having carefully examined Hart's Geo- 
graphical Exercises, and for several successive months witnessed its utility 
exemplified in the rapid progress of the scholars of the institution under their 
care, in geographical knowledge, have no hesitation in recommending it as 
preferable to any other system which has come under their inspection. 

From this work extraneous and irrelevant matter is excluded, and the pupil is 
at once directed to the map as the true source of knowledge, as it necessarily 
fixes on the mind the location of the places designated, and thus impresses them 
permanently on the memory. A series of practical and useful lessons is intro- 
duced, which are doubly imprinted on the mind by the use of good maps and by 
the construction of others, in which the ingenuity, and, above all, the thinking 
powers of the pupil are brought into immediate action. The condensed tables 
at the end of the book, derived from authentic sources, are arranged in a lucid 
manner, and are sufficiently minute, not only for pupils, but for those who have 
made a greater proficiency in geographical science. The author has very 
properly exemplified his plan by introducing a full exercise on the map of the 
State of New York, which is not only calculated to fasten on the minds of the 
scholars a minute geographical knowledge of their native State, (which not to 
be acquainted with, would betray a wrong course of study,) but, in connexion 
with the questions and facts on America at large, "to lead the pupils to just 
views of their country, to awaken some new ideas in the bosoms of the rising 
generation, and to keep their imaginations at home when they would contem- 
plate nature in her loftiest character and sublimity, and man in the enjoyment 
of the happiest government on earth." 

Resolved, That the School Committee, duly appreciating the merits and prac- 
tical utility of the " Geographical Exercises," prepared by Mr. J. C. Hart, 
Principal of the Mechanics' Society School, do authorise its introduction in said 
School, under the full conviction that it is eminently calculated to improve the 
Scholars in Geographical Science and the use of maps in general. 

COMMITTEE : 
James Benedict, Wm. A. Merceitv, 

Abraham Bloodcood, Stephen B. Young, 

John I. Labagh, Francis T. Luqueer, 

Thomas Bjchards. Wm. I. Waldron, 

John Sutphen, Wm. Mandeville. 

John Lang, Ex-offi,cio, and President of the Mechanics' Society. 
Thomas R. Mercein, Cliairman. Richard K. Mount, Secretary. 



From an inspection of the " Geographical Exercises" of J. C. Hart, f fully 

coincide with the respectable Committee of the Mechanics' School in their 

opinion of its merits. The mode of instruction upon which it is founded, I have 

long considered as the best that can be adopted. JOHN GR1SCOM, LL. D. 

J2s<iociatc Principal of thf New York High School 



vm NOTICES. 

New York, September 3, 1324. 
Sir, — I have examined your book of Questions in Geography. The plan and 
execution of the work appear well calculated to answer the intended purpose. 
I shall adopt it for the use of the young ladies under my care, and take pleasure 
in recommending it to the notice of teachers in the circle of my acquaintance. 
Mr. J. C. Hart. W. S. CARDELL. 



J. C. Hart, Esq. 

Dear Sir, — I have read your Outlines of Geography, and do not hesitate to say, 
that it is decidedly the most complete and copious hand-book for class examina- 
tion I have hitherto seen. 

I am, respectfully, ALBERT PICKET, Sen., 

December 16, 1824. Author of the School Class-Books. 



Joseph C. Hart, Esq. New York, October 6, 1824. 

Dear Sir, — I have received a copy of your " Geographical Exercises," con- 
taining questions for practical examination of pupils. The work appears to me 
judiciously compiled for a text-book. A constant reference to correct Maps and 
Glebes, is the best method of acquiring a knowledge of the Earth's surface, by young 
persons. In disentangling the science from the auxiliary and adventitious sub- 
jects usually blended with it, you simplify it for juvenile minds. 

Be assured, once more, of my particular esteem and regard, 

SAMUEL L. MITCHILL, LL. D. 



GEOGRAPHY.— Mr. Joseph C. Hart, principal of the Mechanics' Society 
School, has published a small and very useful work, called " Geographical 
Exercises," containing questions for practical examinations, &c. To illustrate 
the study of maps, this little book will prove extremely useful, as a simple mode 
of strengthening the memory by facts. It should be in general use. 

M. M. Noah's N. Y. Advocate. 



A School Book has been laid upon our table, entitled " Geographical Exer- 
cises," containing questions for practical examinations on maps, by Mr. Hart, 
Principal of the Mechanics' Society School. The author of the treatise follows 
the only coi-rect method of teaching Geography, by directing the attention of the 
pupil to maps and charts, without burdening his memory with useless lumber. 
This book is confined almost entirely to topography, and rejects the multipli- 
city of facts usually given under the head of Geography. The work has been 
introduced into our most respectable schools with extraordinary success. 

Professor Carter's N. Y. Statesman. 



HART'S ATLAS, OF FOURTEEN MAPS, Viz. : 

1. The World, 8 Great Britain and Ireland, 

2. North America, 9. Germany, 

3. United States, 10. Mediterranean Sea, 

4. State of New York, 11. Asia, 

5. West Indies, 12. Pacific Ocean, 

6. South America, 13. Africa, 

7. Europe, 14. Interior of Africa. 

New York High School, November, 1827. 
I have used HART'S ATLAS with success, and it is the best School Atlas 
which has come under my notice. It is clear, distinct, easy, plain ; and the 
maps are not, as many others are, crowded with unimportant names, so as to 
render them almost useless in the waste of time necessary to find the places re- 
quired. The author, in his perspicuous arrangement, has done much for the 
student in Modern Geography, and evinced a commendable industry in collect- 
ing and presenting to the scholar all the recent discoveries. The Trustees and 
Teachers of the High and Common Schools of New York, sensible of its 
superior merits, have adopted it as a STANDARD ; and its reasonable price 
will warrant its introduction into every school. D. H. BARNES, 

Associate PHneipal of the New Yoi-k High School. 



HART'S GEOGRAPHY 



DEFINITIONS, 

TO BE COMMITTED TO MEMORY. 



LESSON I. 

What is Geography 1 

Geography is the science which describes 
the natural and political divisions of the Earth. 

What is the Earth 1 

The earth is a large round body, composed 
of Land and Water ; and the third Planet in 
the Solar system. 

How would you represent the figure of the Earth 1 

The figure of the earth is best 
represented by a globe. 

What is a Glohe 1 

A round, or spherical body. 

What is the shape of the Earth % 

Its shape is an imperfect sphere; 
somewhat flattened at the poles, or 
in appearance like an orange. 




LESSON H. 

The student will study and recite with a map before him, and point out 
all the examples ; invariably repeating the definition to each example. 
After becoming proficient, he may be questioned from memory. 

MAPS. 

What is a Map 1 

A map is a representation of the convex sur- 
fece of the earth, on a plane. 



10 hart's geography. 

EXAMPLES. 

Point out the following maps. How should they 
he arranged with regard to each other ? 

.North America q . — West of Europe, and East of Asia. 

Europe 1 . . . West of Asia, North of Africa, and East of the U. S. 

Africa % . . . South of Europe, and South-West of Asia. 

Asia '1 . . . . East of Europe, and West of America. 

United States 1 North of South America, and West of Europe. 

South America 1 South of North America, and West of Africa. 

What are the Cardinal Points of the horizon 1 

The cardinal points of the horizon are North, 
East, South, and West. 

What points of the Compass do the sides of a map represent 1 

The upper side of a map represents the 
North, the lower side the South, the right hand 
the East, and the left the West. 

What are the principal intermediate points 1 

The corners of a map represent the inter- 
mediate points, North-east, South-east, North- 
west, South-west. 

What is the Mariner's Compass 1 

It is an instrument representing the horizon 
equally divided into thirty-two points. 



LESSON III. 

THE EARTH. 
What is the diameter of the Earth 1 

The diameter of the Earth is 7,950 miles at 
the Equator ; hut from the North to the South 
pole 37 miles less, which gives to the earth the 
shape of an orange. 

What is the circumference of the Earth 1 

Its circumference is rather more than three 



DEFINITIONS. 11 

times the length of the diameter, or about 
25,000 miles. 

How many square miles are on the surface of the Earth 1 

The surface of the globe, including land 
and water, contains nearly 200,000,000 square 
miles. 

In what time does the Earth revolve round the Sun % 

The earth makes a revolution round the Sun 
from West to East, in an elliptical path called 
its orbit, once in 365 days and a quarter. 

In what time does the Earth revolve on its axis 1 

It revolves from West to East on a straight 
line passing from pole to pole, called its axis, 
once in 24 hours. 

What is the effect of the revolution of the Earth round the Sun 1 

The revolution of the Earth round the Sun 
occasions the changes of the seasons. 

What is the effect of the revolution of the Earth on its axis 1 

The revolution on its axis occasions the suc- 
cession of day and night. 

What is the distance of the Earth from the Sun 1 

The Earth is at the distance of 96,000,000 
of miles from the Sun in summer, and 94,000, 
000 of miles in winter. The mean distance 
is 95,000,000. 

What are the great natural divisions of the Earth 1 

The natural divisions of the earth are land 
and water. 

What are the proportions of Land and Water *? 

The water covers about three-fourths of the 
Earth's surface, and the remaining fourth con- 
sists of land. 



12 



HART'S GEOGRAPHY. 



How are the Land and Water distributed 1 

The Northern Hemisphere contains the 
greater proportion of Land, and the Southern 
half the larger quantity of Water. 



LESSON IV. 

LAND. 

What are the natural divisions of the Land 1 

The natural divisions of the Land are Con- 
tinents, Islands, Peninsulas, Isthmuses, Capes, 
Promontories, Mountains, Plains and Valleys. 

What is a Continent 1 

A Continent is the largest natural division 
of the land. 

How many Continents are there 1 

There are two Continents : the Eastern and 
the Western. 

What are the grand divisions of the Eastern Continent 1 

The grand divisions of the Eastern Continent 
are Europe, Asia, and Africa. 

What name is given to the Western Continent 1 

America is the Western Continent. 

What are the grand divisions of the Western Continent 1 

Its grand divisions are North and South 
America. 

Can you name a third Continent 1 

New Holland, or Australia, the largest Island 
in the world, is sometimes called a Continent. 

Repeat the names, and point out the grand divisions of the Land 1 

Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South 
America; and to these may be added the 
Asiatic Islands, which are subdivided by mod- 



DEFINITIONS. 13 

ern Geographers into Austral- Asia, the Oriental 
Archipelago, and Polynesia. 

Is not the term " Oeeanica," sometimes applied to the Asiatic Island* 
which you have mentioned 1 

It is not generally recognized by geographers. 

What is an Island % 

An Island is land entirely surrounded by 
water. 

EXAMPLES. 

What natural division is it ? Where is it ? 

Cuba"? — An Island, one of the W. Indies, S. of Florida. 

Ireland 1 An Island W. of England, and E. of America 

St. Domingo '? .... An Island, one of the W. Indies, S. E. of Cuba. 
N. Holland or Australia 1 An Island S. of Asia, or in Austral- Asia 

Borneo 1 An Island under the Equa., N. W. of N. llol. 

Iceland 1 An Island E. of Greenl'd, and N.W. of Europe. 

Spitsbergen 1 . . . . An Island N. of Europe, in the Arctic Ocean. 
Nova Zembla 1 . . . . An Island North of Europe and Asia. 
Madagascar'? .... An Island East of Africa, in the Indian Ocean. 



LESSON V. 

What is a Peninsula 1 

A Peninsula is land almost surrounded by 
water ; always projecting from some larger 
portion of land and terminating in a point. 

EXAMPLES. 

What natural division is it ? Where is it ? 

South America "? — Peninsula, South of North America. 

Mexican California 1 Peninsula, West of Mexico. 

Greenland '? . . Peninsula, E. of Baffin's Bay and N„. E. part of America. 

Italy! .... Peninsula, Southern part of Europe. 

Africa'? . . . Peninsula, South of Europe and connected with Asia. 

Hindoo-stan % . Peninsula, Southern part of Asia. 

Kamptshatka 1 . Peninsula, North Eastern part of Asia. 

Florida *. . . . Peninsula, Southern part of the United States. 

Alaska 1 . . . Peninsula, North Western part of North America. 

What is an Isthmus 1 

An Isthmus is a narrow neck of land, join- 
ing the main land, to a Peninsula. 



14 



EXAMPLES. 

What natural division is it ? Where is it ? 

Barien or Panama 1 — Isthmus, between North and South America. 
Suez 1 Isthmus, between Asia and Africa. 

What is a Cape 1 

A Cape is the extremity of a Peninsula, or a 
point of land which projects into the water. 

EXAMPLES. 

What natural division is it ? Where is it ? 



Farewell 1 
Horn 1 . . 
Vela 1 . . 
Bon'? . . . 
Good Hope 1 
Tamura 1 . 
guardaftji 1 
De Verde 1 . 
St. Roque 1 . 



-Cape, at the South extremity of Greenland. 
Southern Cape of South America. 
Northern Cape of South America. 
Northern Cape of Africa. 
Cape, Southern part of Africa. 
Cape, Northern extremity of Asia. 
Cape, Eastern extremity of Africa. 
Western Cape of Africa. 
Eastern Cape of South America. 



LESSON VI. 

What is a Promontory 1 

A Promontory is a mountainous Cape. 

EXAMPLES. 

What natural division is it ? Where is it ? 

Wilson's 1 . — Promontory, S. E. part of the island of New-Holland. 
(tidraltar 1 . Promontory, South part of Spain. 

Cape Horn 1 Promontory, on Hermit Island. South America. — (Generally 
said to be on Tierra del Fuego.) 

What is a Mountain or Hill 1 

A Mountain or Hill is land which rises sud- 
denly to a considerable elevation above the 
surrounding country. 

What is a Range or Chain of Mountains 1 

V/hen many mountains are joined together, 
they are called a Range or Chain. 



DEFINITIONS. 15 

What is a Peak 1 

The top of a single mountain is called a Peak. 

What are Volcanoes % 

Mountains which emit fire, are Volcanoes. 

EXAMPLES. 

What natural division is it ? Where is it ? 

Andes 1 . . — Chain of mountains on the West side of South America. 

Pyrenees 1 . Chain of mountains in Europe between France and Spain. 

Allegany 1 . Chain of mountains. Eastern part of the United States. 

Rockey 1 . . Chain of mountains, Western part of North America. 

St. Elias % . Peak, near the North- West coast of North America. 

Chimborazo 1 Peak of the Andes in South America. 

Etna 1 . . . Volcano, in Island of Sicily. 

Cotopaxi 1 . Volcano, Andes, Equador, South America. 

Vesuvius 1 . Volcano, Italy, near Naples. 

What is a Plain 1 

A Plain is an extent of level land, unbroken 
by hills. 

What is a Vale or Valley 1 

A Vale or Valley is the low land between 
two ridges of mountains. 



LESSON VII. 

WATER. 

What are the natural divisions of the Water 1 

The natural divisions of the Water are 
Oceans, Seas, Gulfs or Bays, Straits or Pas- 
sages, Sounds or Channels, Lakes and Rivers. 

What is an Ocean 1 

An Ocean is the largest natural division of 
the Water. 

How many Oceans are there 1 

There are five Oceans. 



16 hart's geography. 

examples. 

What natural division is it ? Where is it ? 

Atlantic 1 . . . . — Ocean, bet. Am. on the W. and Europe, and Af. E . 

Pacific 1 Ocean, West of America, and East of Asia. 

Indian 1 Ocean, South of Asia, and East of Africa. 

Arctic ok. Northern 1 Ocean, around the North Pole. 
Antarctic or Southern 1 Ocean, around the South Pole. 

What is a Sea 1 

A Sea is a smaller body of water than an 
ocean, and generally communicates with the 
ocean or another sea by means of a strait. 

EXAMPLES. 

What natural division is it ? Where is it ? 

— Sea, South of Europe and North of Africa. 
Sea, Europe, coasted by Russia, Sweden, &c. 
Sea, North-East of Africa, and South-West of Arabia 
Sea in Russia, North of the Black Sea. 
Sea, indents the North part of Europe. 
Sea, between England and Ireland. 
Sea, East of Turkey in Europe. 
Sea, East of Great Britain and West of Denmark. 
Sea, North-East of China. 
Archipelago, East of Greece. 



Mediterranean 
Baltic % 
Red 1 . 
Azoph % 
White % 
Irish % . 
Black % . 
North 1 
Yellow 1 
Egean 1 



What is an Archipelago 1 

An Archipelago is a Sea of Islands. 



LESSON VIII. 

What is a Gulf or Bay 1 

A Gulf or Bay is an arm of the ocean al- 
most enclosed by land. A Harbor is a small 
Bay. 

EXAMPLES. * 

What natural division is it ? Where is it ? 

Biscay 1 . . — Bay, West of France, and North of Spain. 
Chesapeake 1 Bay, Eastern part of the United States. 
California 1 Gulf, East of the Peninsula of California. 
Mexico 1 . . Gulf, East of Mexico, and South of the United States. 
Hudson's 1 . Bay, in North America. 



DEFINITIONS. 



17 



Guinea 1 . . Gulf, West of Africa. 

Bengal 1 . . Bay, between Hindoo-stan and Birman Empire. 

Baffin's 1 . Bay, West of Greenland, North America. 

Campeachy 1 Bay, Southern part of the Gulf of Mexico. 

Sackett's 1 . Harbor, East end of Lake Ontario. 

What is a Sound or Channel 1 

A Sound or Channel is a broad or expanded 
strait. 

EXAMPLES. 



Loss Island Sound 1 
British Channel 1 . 
Channel of Tartary 1 
Bristol Channel 1 . 
St. George's Channel 



Where is — 

— South of Connecticut and North of Long Island. 
South of England. 
East of Eastern Tartary. 
AVest of England. (Properly a Bay.) 
West of England. 



What is a Strait or Passage % 

A Strait or Passage is a narrow communi- 
cation between two larger bodies of water. 



EXAMPLES. 

What natural division is it ? 



W here is it ? 



Magellan 1 . — Strait, between Patagonia and I. of Tierra del Fuego. 

Dover 1 . . . Strait, between England and France. 

Gibraltar. 1 . Strait, between Spain and Africa. 

Babelmandeb 1 Strait, entrance to the Red Sea. 

Hudson's 1 . . Strait, entrance to Hudson's Bay. 

Ormus 1 . . . Strait, entrance to the Persian Gulf. 

Palk's 1 . . . Passage, between Hindoo-stan and the Island of Ceylon. 

Bhering's 1 . Strait, between N. W. part of Am. and N. E. part of Ash 

Davis's 1 . . Strait, entrance to Baffin's Bay. 

East River 1 . Strait, between the Bay of New York and L. I. Sound. 

Hell-Gate 1 . Strait, a dangerous part of the East-River, N. Y. 



LESSON IX. 

What is a River 1 

A River is a stream of water rising in the 
interior of a country, and discharging itself 
into the sea, or running into another river. 



18 



HART'S GEOGRAPHY. 



EXAMPLES. 



What natural division is it ? Where is it ? 
What is its general course ? Where does it empty ? 



Missouri 1 . . — River, 
River, 
River, 
River, 
River, 
River, 
River, 
River, 
River, 
River, 
River, 
River, 



1V1ISSOUKI s 

Mississippi 
Hudson 1 
Ohio 1 . 
Danube 1 
Nile 1 . 
Amazon 1 
Ganges 1 
Wolga 1 . 
TagusI . 
Amour 1 . . . 
St. Lawrence 



in Missouri, North America. 

in the Central part of the United States. 

in the State of New York. 

North of Kentucky, &c, in the United States. 

in Austria, &c, Europe. 

in the North-Eastern part of Africa. 

in South America. 

in Hindoo-stan, Asia. 

in Russia. 

in Spain. 

in Eastern Tartary, Asia. 

in North America. 



What is a Lake 1 

A Lake is an inland sea entirely surrounded 
by land, except where it receives or discharges 
its waters. 



EXAMPLES. 

What natural division is it ? 



Ontario 1 
Baikal 1 
Winnipeck 
Aral 1 . 
Superior 1 
Huron 1 . 
Erie 1 . 
Caspian 1 
Michigan 1 



Where is it ? 

-Lake, in North America, North- West of New York. 
Lake, in Siberia, Asia. 
Lake, in North America. 
Lake, in Western Tartary, Asia. 
Lake, in North America. 
Lake, in North America. 

Lake, in North America, North of Ohio, West of N. York. 
Lake, in Persia, Asia. 
Lake, in the North part of the United States. 



LESSON X. 

POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 

What are Civil, or Political divisions 1 

Civil or Political divisions are those formed 
for the purposes of government. 

What are the principal Political divisions of the Earth 1 

The Political divisions of the Earth are 
Towns, Cities, States, Republics, Kingdoms, 
Empires, &c. 



DEFINITIONS. 19 

What is a Town or Village '1 

A town or village is a collection of houses 
and inhabitants. 

What is a City 1 

A city is an incorporated town. 

When do Cities become capitals of countries 1 

When a city is the seat of government of 
any particular country, it is called the Capital. 
Cities having central or convenient positions, 
are generally made capitals, or seats of govern- 
ment. 

When is a City called a Metropolis 1 

When a city contains a number of inhabit- 
ants greater than any other in the State, it is 
called the chief City, or Metropolis. 

EXAMPLES. 

What Civil division is it ? Where is it ? 

Washington 1 . — City, Capital U. S. on the Potomac River. 

New York 1 . . Chief city of New York, mouth of the Hudson. 

Paris '?.... Capital of France, on the Seine. 

London 1 . . . Capital of Great Britain, on the Thames. 

Pekin 1 . . . . Capital of China, near the Yellow Sea. 

St. Petersburg 1 Capital of Russia, near Gulf of Finland. 

Philadelphia 1 . Chief city of Pennsylvania, on the Delaware. 

Albany 1 . . . Capital of New York, on the Hudson. 

Calcutta % . . Capital of Hindoo-stan, on the Hoogly. 

Moscow 1 . . . City of Russia, near the centre. 

Cairo! .... Capital of Egypt, on the Nile. 

Boston 1 . . . Capital of Massachusetts, on Boston Bay. 

Madrid 1 . . . Cap. of Spain, on the Manzanares, a hr. of the Tagus. 

Rome 1 .... A Capital in Italy, on the Tiber. 

Canton 1 . . . City of China, on the Bay of Canton. 

Jeddo 1 .... Capital of Japan, on the Island of Niphon. 

What is a State 1 

A state is a certain district of country inde- 
pendent in its government, as it relates to the 
regulation of its internal affairs, but confede- 
rated with others under a general government. 



20 



EXAMPLES. 



What political division is it ? Where situated ? 
To what general government does it belong ? 

New York 1 . . — State, Northern. part of the United States. 

Pennsylvania 1 State, Northern part of the United States. 

Ohio 1 . . . . State, Central part of the United States. 

Louisiana % . . State, Southern part of the United States. 

Georgia 1 . . . State, Southern part of the United States. 

Kentucky % . . State, Central part of the United States. 

Massachusetts 1 State, Eastern part of the United States. 

S. Carolina 1 . State, Southern part of the United States. 

What is a County % 

A county is a subdivision of a state. 

What is a Township 1 

A township is a subdivision of a county. 



LESSON XL 

What is a Republic 1 

A republic is a country under a government 
composed of men who are chosen by the votes 
of the people. 

What is the form of government of the United States 1 

The United States of North America, are 
under a Republican form of government, and 
constitute the freest country on earth. The 
people, as the natural consequence of their 
liberty, possess more general intelligence than 
anv other nation in existence. 

EXAMPLES. 

What large civil division is it ? Where is it ? 

New Granada 1 — Republic, Northern part of South America. 
Switzerland 1 . Republic, South of Germany, in Europe. 
Buenos Ayres 1 Republic, in South America, towards the South. 
United States 1 Republic, in the centre of North America. 



DEFINITIONS. 21 

France 1 . . . — Republic, in the Western part of Europe. 
Venezuela 1 . Republic, in the Northern part of South America. 
Liberia 1 . . . Republic, on the Western coast of Africa. 

What is a Kingdom 1 

A Kingdom is the territory under the limited 
control of a king or queen. 

EXAMPLES. 

What large civil division is it ? Where is it ? 

Holland 1 . . — Kingdom, Western part of Europe. 

Sweden \ . . Kingdom, in the Northern part of Europe 

Britain 1 . . Kingdom, West of Europe. 

Portugal 1 . Kingdom, South- Western part of Europe. 

Spain 1 . . . Kingdom, South- Western part of Europe. 

Netherlands 1 Kingdom, Western part of Europe, North of France. 

What ie an Empire 1 

An Empire is the territory under the abso- 
lute or despotic dominion of an emperor. 

EXAMPLES. 

What large civil division is it ? Where is it ? 



Russia 1 
China 1 
Turkey 1 
Brazil 1 
Japan 1 

BlRMAH'1 



-Empire, Northern part of Europe and Asia. 
Empire, Eastern part of Asia. 
Empire, S. E. part of Europe, and West part Asia. 
Empire, Eastern part of South America. 
Empire, East of Asia. 
Empire, Southern part of Asia. 



LESSON XII. 

CIRCLES OF THE SPHERE. 
What are great and small Circles 1 

Great circles are those which divide the 
globe into equal parts ; and small circles are 
those which divide it into unequal parts. 

To what use are the Circles applied l 

The Circles used by Geographers are all 
imaginary, and do not exist in reality, but are 
drawn on maps and globes to assist in deter- 



22 



HART'S GEOGRAPHY. 



mining latitude and longitude, and the position 
of places with accuracy. 

DIAGRAM, OR MAP OF THE SPHERE. 



NORTH . 



pii^-;7^:;--^^l!llllll 



-o-Loiuton-\ N^'v 




m Hi ha~ 



5*5. 



:.£, 



I spfe ^.. — ^X-pszr*^- 



=\ — -rcapriooiiv: 




!SS*ggggfc- -~£~LH 



Vtf 



\ S. Temjpeiate / 



^Antxw*cpLc | Ctnd&. '") 




What is the Equator 1 

The Equator is a great circle which divides 
the Earth into equal parts, called Northern 
and Southern Hemispheres. 

What is a Hemisphere 1 

A Hemisphere is half a globe. 

How many Hemispheres are there 1 

There may be as many Hemispheres as 
there are Meridians or great circles. 

What are Meridians 1 

Meridians are great circles which divide the 



DEFINITIONS. 23 

Earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres. 
They cut the Equator at right angles, and in- 
tersect each other at the poles. 

How many Meridians are there 1 

Their number is unlimited. Every place 
has a meridan. 

What is Latitude 1 

Latitude is distance from the Equator, and 
must be North or South. It extends 90° each 
way. 

What are parallels of Latitude 1 

All lines or circles parallel to the Equator, 
are called parallels of Latitude. 

What are parallels 1 

Lines which never approach each other. 

Can two great circles or meridians be parallel 1 

No. Small circles, or one circle formed 
within another may be parallel. 

What is Longitude 1 

Longitude is distance from a Meridian, and 
must be East or West. It extends 180° each 
way. 

From what meridian do the Americans count Longitude 1 

The Americans count Longitude from the 
meridian running through the city of Wash- 
ington. 

From what meridians do the French and English count Longitude 1 

The French count from the meridian of 
Paris, and the English from that of London or 
Greenwich. 

What meridian is most generally used 1 

The meridian of London or Greenwich is 



24 hart's geography. 

most generally used by Geographers and Navi- 
gators. 

Where is Greenwich ? 

Greenwich is a suburb of London, where 
an Astronomical Observatory is maintained. 

EXAMPLES. 

Trace the meridian — and mention the Longitude 
either East or West from that meridian used 
on your map, of the following places : 

Iceland - ? — 20° West of the meridian of Greenwich. 

St. Dominoo 1 70° W. 

Cape Guard afui 1 . . . . 50° E. 

Cape Horn 1 70° W. 

Cape Good Hope 1 . . . . 20° E. 

Newfoundland 1 .... 55° W. 

Madagascar 1 50° E. 

New York 1 74° W. 

Mexico 1 100° W. 

London or Greenwich % . . 0°. — Why has London or Green, no Lon. I 

What is the Longitude of the ahove places, counting from the meridian 
of Washington 1 

Trace the parallel — and tell the latitude either 
North or South, of the following — 

New York 1 — 41° N. of the Equator. 

Cape Lopatka 1 50° N. 

Van Dieman's Land 1 . . . 42° S. 

Formosa 1 23 2 LO N. 

Cuba 1 ? ". 22 6 N. 

Cape Horn 1 56° S. 

London '? 51J° N. 

Equator 1 0°. — Why has the Equator no Latitude ? 

Where do you find the figures on Maps which indicate the Latitude and 
Longitude of places'? 

The figures expressing the Latitude, or dis- 
tance of a place from the Equator, are gener- 
ally found on the right and left sides of maps : 
and those expressing the Longitude, on the 
upper and lower sides. On globes and circu- 



DEFINITIONS. 25 

lar maps the Longitude may be found on the 
Equator. 

EXAMPLES. 

Point to the — 

90° N. Latitude. 180° W. Longitude. 

90° S. 180° E. 

70° N. 40° W. 

70° S. 40° E. 

45° N. 120° W. 

45° S. 120° E. 

How many Degrees are in a circle 1 

Three hundred and sixty. 

What is a Degree 1 

A Degree is 60 geographic miles. 

What is a Minute 1 

A Minute is one geographic mile. 

What are Zones 1 

Zones are certain great belts or divisions 
of the Earth, bounded by the tropics and 
polar circles. 

How many Zones are there 1 

There are five zones. 

EXAMPLES. 

What are the boundaries of— and how many 
degrees are in the — 

Torrid Zone 1 . . . — Tropic of Cancer N. Capricon S. 47°. 

N. Temperate Zone 1 . Arctic Circle N. Cancer S. 43°. 

S. Temperate Zone 1 . Capricorn N. Antartic S. 43°. 

N. Frigid Zone 1 . . Arctic S. 23J° around the North Pole. 

S. Frigid Zone 1 . . . Antarctic N. 23J° around the South Pole. 

How are the Zones distinguished 1 

The Zones are distinguished by their tem- 
peratures or climates. 

What gives name to the Torrid Zone 1 

The Torrid zone received its name from the 



26 hart's geography. 

heat caused by the direct influence of the Sun 
over it. 

What is the temperature of the Frigid Zones 1 

The Frigid zones, from their remote situa- 
tion, and the obliquity of the Sun's rays, are 
extremely cold. 

Why are the Temperate Zones so called 1 

The Temperate zones are so called because 
of the medium between the extreme severity 
of the Polar regions, and the burning heat of 
the Equatorial. 



GENERAL QUESTIONS 



DEFINITIONS 



THE MAP OF THE WORLD 



The pupil will not he required to answer these questions promiscuously, 
until he has committed the foregoing definitions thoroughly to memory, and 
is able to point out all the examples. 

What country do you live in ? In what State ? 

In what county ? In what city or town ? 
Mention the latitude and longitude of that city 

or town ? 
What is Geography ? 
What is the Earth ? 



MAP OF THE WORLD. Zi 

5. What is the length of its diameter '? 

How many square miles are on its surface ? 

How far are we from the sun I 

In what time does the earth make a revolution 
round the sun ? 

How often does it revolve on its axis ? 

10. What do these revolutions occasion I 

Flow many inhabitants are there on the 
earth ? 

Into what natural divisions is the surface of 
the globe separated ? 

What proportion is land ? 

What proportion is water 1 

15. Which hemisphere contains the greater 
quantity of land ? Which of water ? 

What are the natural divisions of the land ? 

What is a continent ? An island ? 

A peninsula ? An isthmus ? A cape ? 

A promontory ? A mountain ? 

20. What are the natural divisions of the 
water 1 

What is an ocean ? A sea ? A gulf or bay ? 

A strait or passage ? A sound or channel ? 

A. river ? A lake ? 

How many continents are there ? 

25. How many grand divisions are on the east- 
ern continent ; and what are their names ? 

What is the name of the western continent ? 

Where is America situated 1 

Europe 1 Asia ? Africa ? Austral- Asia ? 

In w x hat order should they be classed with re- 
spect to size l—{See Table 3.) 



28 hart's geography. 

30. How in the order of population ? 

{See Table 4.) 

How many oceans are there ? 

Between what countries does the Atlantic 
flow ? The Pacific ? 

Where is the Indian Ocean ? 

Where is the Northern or Arctic ? 

Where is the Southern or Antarctic ? 

35. What are the principal great and small 
circles ? 

What is the equator ? What are meridians ? 

What is a hemisphere ? 

What is a map ? 

What is a globe ? 

40. What is a zone ? 

How many zones are there ? 

Which is the largest zone ? 

What great circle passes through the middle 
of the Torrid zone ? 

What circles are the boundaries of the Tem- 
perate zones ? 

45. How are the Frigid zones situated ? 

What have the Frigid zones for their centres ? 

Which zone do you live in ? On what con- 
tinent ? 

Why are the zones distinguished by the names 
of Torrid, Frigid, and Temperate ? 

What large countries are in the several zones ? 

50. What is latitude ? Longitude ? 

A degree ? A minute ? 

Where do you find the figures upon maps de- 
noting the latitude of places ? 



MAP OF THE WORLD. 29 

Where do you find the figures expressing lon- 
gitude ? 

From what great circle do you count latitude ? 

55. From what meridian do the Americans 
count longitude ? The French ? The Eng- 
lish ? 

What first meridian is most generally used by 
Geographers ? 

How many degrees of latitude may a place 
have ? 

Where must a place be situated to have the 
greatest extent of latitude ? 

How many degrees of longitude can a place 
have ? 

60. Where must a place be situated to have the 
greatest longitude ? (Opposite the 1st merid.) 

Which are the cardinal points of the compass ? 

What direction is it from the centre of a map 
towards the upper side ? 

Towards the right hand side ? 

Towards the left ? Towards the lower side ? 

From the centre towards the right hand corner 
at the top ? 

65. Left hand corner at the top ? 

Right hand corner at the bottom ? 

Left hand corner at the bottom ? 

What is a town ? A city ? A state ? 

A republic ? A kingdom ? An empire ? 

70. Which is the largest city in the world ? 

(London.) 

What city has the greatest commerce ? 

(London.) 



30 hart's geography. 

Which is the second commercial city in the 
world ? (New York.) 

Which is the largest city in America ? JV. York. 

What distinction is made between the chief 
town and the capital of a state ? 

75. Is not the chief or largest town always 
made the capital or seat of government ? 

Give an example ? (See cities, pg. 47.) 

Are small cities ever made capitals ? 

Give an example ? (See cities, pg. 49.) 

What is the extent of America from North to 
South? (9000 miles.) 

80. What oceans encompass it ? 

To what name is America entitled among 
the natural divisions of land ? (Continent.) 

What rank in magnitude among the quar- 
ters ? (The first.; 

What are its grand divisions ? 

How are North and South America con- 
nected ? 

85. How wide is the Isthmus of Darien or 
Panama ? (30 miles.) 

By whom was America discovered ? 

When ? (See note under Islands of N. America.) 

What island was first discovered ? 

What course did Columbus take when he set 
out to discover America ? (See pg. 47.) 

90. How is the continent bounded ? 

How is North America bounded ? 

How is South America bounded ? 

Where is the broadest part of America ? 

Where is the narrowest part of America ? 



MAP OF THE WORLD. 31 

95. What name is given to the southern point 

of America 1 
How is Europe bounded ? 
How is Asia bounded ? 
How is Africa bounded ? 
What sea separates Europe from Africa ? 
100. What strait leads to that sea ? 
From what ocean ? 

What Isthmus connects Asia to Africa ? 
How wide is the Isthmus of Suez ? (60 miles.) 
What sea is between Asia and Africa ? 
105. What strait separates Asia and America 

in their nearest approach to each other 1 
What large island is cut off by a strait from 

South America ? ( Tierra del Fuego.) 

What is the name of that strait ? 
What are the North, East, South and West 

capes of Africa ? 
What are the North, South, and West capes 

of Europe ? 
110. What are the North, East, South and 

West capes of South America 1 
Which is the largest European island ? 
Where is Great Britain situated ? 
Which is the largest island in the world ? 
Where is New Holland or Australia situated ? 
115. Which is the largest American island ? 
Where is Cuba situated ? Iceland ? 
What is the name of the South point of 

Kamptshatka ? 
What is the name of the South point of Hin- 

doo-stan ? 



32 

What is the name of the South point of Green- 
land ? 

120. Which is the largest lake in America ? 

On what island is Cape Horn ? 

What cape in Asia is farthest North 1 

What will be your courses from the United 
States of North America to Cape Horn, and 
also to the Cape of Good Hope ? 

What waters will you sail over on your pas- 
sage ? 

125. What is the population of Asia ? Europe ? 
Africa ? America ? (See Table 4.) 

Where is the point on the map which has 
neither latitude nor longitude ? Why ? 

(See Gulf of Guinea where the Equator cuts the meridian of London.) 

What first meridian is used on the map before 
you? 

Is America in East or West longitude ? 

Is any part of the Eastern continent in West- 
longitude ? 

130. Mention the countries in West longitude ? 

Mention the countries in East longitude ? 

What large countries, on both continents, have 
North latitude ? 

What large countries, and large islands, have 
South latitude ? 

What are the central latitude and longitude of — 

135. North America ? Tierra del Fuego ? 

South America ? Cuba ? 

Europe ? St. Domingo ? 

Asia ? Iceland ? 

Africa ? Great Britain ? 



NORTH AMERICA 



34 



OBJECTS OF NATURAL, HISTORY PECULIAR TO NORTH AMERICA. 




American Eagle. 




Bison. 




Elk, or Moose Deer. 






Alligator. 



§&£& 




- '•-. _-'■'*.-- - ■ ■"' 

( ireenlaad Whale 








Dog of Newfoundland. 




Rattle Snake. 






Opossum. 




Mammoth Skeleton. N. Y. 



NORTH AMERICA. 35 



MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. 

Point to the Map of North America ? 

Where is North America ? 

How is North America bounded ? 

What are its large political divisions ? 

What country forms the Northern part 1 

5. What the North-Eastern ? 

What the North- Western ? 

What round Hudson's Bay ? 

What the Eastern ? 

What North of the United States ? 

What in the centre ? What the Southern ? 

10. How is each of the following divisions 
bounded ? 

Greenland ? New-Brunswick ? 

Russian Possessions ? Nova Scotia ? 

British Possessions ? United States N. A. ? 

Canada East ? Mexico ? 

Canada West ? Central America ? 

15. What lake is there in North America of suf- 
ficient size to contain England ? {Superior.) 

What large bodies of water flow between 
North and South America ? 

Which is the most populous state in the United 
States ? {See Table 7.) 

What large island is at the entrance of the 
Gulf of ^Mexico I 

What Large island is at the entrance of the 
Gulf of St. Laurence ? 



36 hart's geography. 

20. Which is the longest river in N. A., and 
how long is it ? (Missouri, 3,100 miles.) 

From its source to the sea how long is it ? 

(4,350 miles.) 

Which is the second river in N. A., and how 
long is it ? (Mississippi, 3,000 miles.) 

Which is the most important river in America ? 

(The Hudsoii.) 

Why ? (See note under Rivers, at page 41.) 

25. Where do the Rivers Missouri and Missis- 
sippi and Hudson empty ? 

Which is the first city in America ? 

Name the country of Republics ? 

Name the state that exhibits the boldest lakes 
and the grandest Natural curiosity in the 
world? (New York.) 



MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Point to the Map of the United States of 

North America ? 
How are the United States bounded ? 
How many states are there ? (Thirty -one.) 

How many territories ? (Seven.) 

5. What states compose the Northern division ? 
What states compose the Eastern division ? 
What the Southern ? 
What are the Central States 1 
What the Western States and Territories ? 
10. Why do you make a new Geographical 

arrangement of the states ? (See pg. 37.) 



MAP OF THE: UNITED STATES. 37 

NEW -GEOGRXPHICAIT ARRANGEMENT OF THE/ STATES : 

Found to be necessary, bij the accession of new Territories and the admis- 
sion of new States , which rendered the otd order of naming them improper 
and obsolete. [See Note under Table 7.] 



Population. 



Capitals. 



SIX NORTHERN STATES. 



New York, . 
Pennsylvania, 
New Jersey, 
Michigan,- . 
Wisconsin, . 
Delaware, 



3,097.000 

2,312,000 

490,000 

396,000 

304,000 

92,000 



Albany. 

Harrisburg. 

Trenton. 

Detroit. 

Madison. 

Dover, 



Total population, I 6,691,000 

• SIX EASTERN STATES. 



Massachusetts, 

Maine, . 

Connecticut, 
New Hampshire, 
Vermont, 
Rhode Island, 



Total population, 2,727,000 



993,000 
583,000 
371,000 
318,000 
314,000 
148,000 



Boston. 
Augusta 
New Haven. 
Concord. 
Montpelier. 
Providence, &e. 



FIVE CENTRAL STATES. 



Ohio, . 

Tennessee, 

Kentucky, 

Indiana, 

Illinois, 



1,977,000 

1.003,000 

l',002,000 

989,000 

852,000 



Columbus. 

Nashville; 

Frankfort. 

Indianopolh 

Springfield. 



Total population, ! 5,823.000 



TEN SOUTHERN STATES— ONE TER. or D1ST. 



Virginia, 

Georgia, 

North Carolina, . 

Alabama, . 

South Carolina, . 

Mississippi, . 

Maryland, . 

Louisiana, 

Teias, . 

Florida, . - . . 

District of Columbia, 



Total population, 6,561,000 



1,381,000 
879,000 
869,000 
772,000 
655,000 
593,000 
583,000 
501,000 
188,000 
88,000 
52,000 



Richmond. 

Milledgeville. 

Raleigh. 

Montgomery. 

Columbia. 

Jackson. 

Annapolis. 

New Orleans. 

Austin. 

Tallahassee. 

Washington, Cap. U. S. 



38 



HART'S GEOGRAPHY. 



Rank. 


States. 


Population. 


Capitals. 




FOUR WESTERN STATES— 


SIX TERRITORIES. 


1 
2 
3 
4 


Missouri, 
Arkansas, . 
California, . 
Iowa, .... 

Territories. 


684,000 
208,000 
200,000 
192,000 


Jefferson City. 
Little Rock. 
San Jose 1 Vallejo 1 
Iowa City. 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 


New Mexico, 

Utah, .... 

Oregon, 

Minnesota, . 

Nebraska, . 

Indian Territory, 

Other Indian Tribes, . 
Total population, 


62,000 

25,000 

13.000 

6,000 

3,000 

100,000 

200,000 


Sante Fe. 
Salt Lake City. 
Oregon City. 
St. Paul. 
Not organised. 
18 Tribes, only. 

< 38 Tribes, scattered E. 

1 of the Rocky Mount'ns. 


1,693,000 



What is the capital city of the United States, 

and where situated ? 
What city or town is the capital of each state 

beginning at New York, and where situated ? 
Which is the principal or largest town of each 

state, and where situated ? 
Which is the smallest state in sq. miles ? (R. I.) 
15. Bound the states and territories separately 

and rapidly, beginning at New York ? 
What course is it from the United States to 

England ? Over what ocean ? 
30. Which is the largest island belonging to 

the United States ? Which the largest bay ? 
Which is the longest river in the United 

States, and how long is it ? The second ? 
What is the extent of the Great Canal in New 

York ? (363 miles.) 

What waters does it connect ? 



MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. 



39 



What was the amount of population in the 

United States in 1820 ? (10,000,000.) 

25. What was the amount of population in the 

United States in 1840 ? (17,000,000.) 

What was the amount of population in the 

United States in 1850 ? (24,000,000.) 

Which is the first city of the United States, 

and what was its population in 1850 ? 



The second '! 
The third'? . 
The fourth 1 
The fifth 1 . 
The sixth 1 . 
The seventh 1 
The eighth 1 
The ninth ? . 
The tenth 1 . 



each numbering about the s 







Population. 


Neiv York, 


516,000 


Philadelphia, {City and Coun 


>y,) 409,000 


Baltimore, 


189,000 


Boston, . 




137,000 


New Orleans, 




116,000 


Cincinnati, 




115,000 


Brooklyn, 




98,000 


St. Louis, 




64,000 


Albany, 




51,000 


Pittsburg, 




51,000 



The Cities of Charleston, Buffalo, Louisville, Washington and Providence, 



copulation, rank in the eleventh place. 



larger 



The State of New York has thus four of the largest cities in 'the United 
States. 

How many cities of the largest class has the 
State of New York ? Name them ? 

What other states have cities of the 
class ? 

30. What state has one-seventh of the whole 
population of the U. S. ? (Neiv York.) 

How many of the States have a population less 
than the City of New York ? (14.) 

Name them, and point them out rapidly ? 

(See Table 7.) 

What single state has a population greater 
than that of all the Eastern or " New Eng- 
land " states put together ? 



40 hart's geography. 

Is the term "'New' -England" a proper geo 
graphical term ? 

It is not generally used by good geographers, arid relates only to the 
Colonial history of a few towns of two of the Eastern States — Massachusetts 
and Connecticut. It should become obsolete by disuse. 

35. What is the form of government of the U. S. ? 
Which are the Atlantic States ? 
What state and territory border on the Pacific ? 
At sea, in lat. 28° N. and long. 88° -W. what 

course is it to the island of Cuba ? 
From Cuba to N. Orleans what is your course ? 
40. From New Orleans to Delaware Bay, by 

water, what courses ? 
Through what waters may you proceed from 

Lake Superior to the Atlantic Ocean ? 
How many degrees of sea-coast are claimed 

by the United States on the Pacific Ocean ? 
(IV.— See Map of North America.) 
W^hieh are the longest rivers W. of the Mis- 
sissippi, and where do they rise and empty? 
What large rivers are East of the Mississippi, 

and flowing into that stream ? 
45. How many rivers are there in the U. S. of 

500 miles in length, and upwards ? Up. of 20. 
Name them, and point them out rapidly ? 
Which is the largest lake entirely within the 

boundaries of the United States ? 
When did the U. S. declare themselves " free 

and independent" of Great Britain ? 

(4^ of July, 1776.) 
How many years have since elapsed ? 

Note. — After having proceeded thus far to the satisfaction of the teacher, 
the pupil will next take up the land and water divisions in detail, and ad- 
here as closely as possible to the questions at the head of each section. 



41 



RIVERS m NORTH AMERICA. 



Questions. Where do they rise? What 
course do they run, mid through what countries ? 
Where do they empty ? What is a River ? 

Examples. Hudson ? — Rises in the North part of the State of New 
York, runs a Southerly course, and flows into New York Bay. 

Susqueharwiah ? — Rises in New York, crosses the boundary between the 
States of New York and Pennsylvania, three times, and then takes a South 
course through Pennsylvania, and falls into the head of Chesapeake Bay. 

Miles ' Miles 



Missouri 1 

Missouri, to the Sea, 
Mississippi, . . 
Arkansas, . '.,.' 
Grande del Norte, 
McKenzie's, j. ■ 
Tennessee, . 
St. Laurence, 
Columbia, and its head 
Red, . 
Ohio, . 

Platte, . . 

Brazos, 
Colorado, W. 
Colorado, E; 
Ottawa, . . . 
Cumberland, ':■' . 
Alabama, and its head, 
Potomac, 
Lewis, . 



Tombigbee, ,.j 

White, .' . 

Wisconsin, . 
Altamaha, . 
Clark, . 

Appalachicola, and its 
Great Pedee, . L ! 
Santee, . . * 

Susquehannah, 
Trinity, - . 
Savannah, . 
Roanoak, 
Connecticut, 



head 



3,100 
4,350 

3,000 
2,000 
1,800 
1,500 
1,200 
1,000 
1,000 
950 
950 
800 
700 
700 
600 
600 
600 
600 
550 
520 
500 
500 
500 
500 
500 
500 
470 
450 
450 
450 
450 
440 
400 
400 



Wabash 1 

Chatahoochee 

Kanhawa, 

Des Moines 

Illinois, 

Neuse, 

Delaware, 

Allegany, 

Cape Fear, 

St. John, 



Hudson, 

Sabine, 

Pearl, . 

Monongahela, 

Rock, . 

Iowa, . 

Flint, . 

Yellow-Stone 

Penobscot. 

Kentucky, 

Kaskaskia 

St. Peter's, 

Shenandoah, 

Suwanee, 

Kennebec. S 

Tar, . 

Scioto, 

Merrimac, . 

Androscoggin, 

Mohawk, . ■ . . 

Rappahanock, 

Genessee, 

Mobile, 



400 
400 
400 
400 
400 
400 
375 
375 
350 
350 
350 
324 
300 
300 
300 
300 
300 
300 
300 
275 
260 
250 
230 
200 
225 
200 
180 
160 
160 
140 
135 
130 
125 
70 



Do you measure the importance of a River by its length 1 

The importance of a River is not always to be measured by its length. 

Thus, the Hudson, in the State of New York, in addition to its unsurpassed 

beauty and grandeur, is the common highway of a greater commerce, both 

internal and foreign, than any other River in America. The City of New 



42 



HART'S GEOGRAPHY. 



York, situated on its banks, alone receives and distributes two-thirds of all 
the Foreign merchandize imported into the entire country ; and its Exports 
with its Agricultural and Domestic Trade, by way of the Canals and the 
Hudson River, are proportionably enormous. That great city, the empo- 
rium of the trade of America, also pays two-thirds of the whole revenue of 
the United States. Although only some 300 miles in length, and navigable 
but half that distance, the Hudson is alike the most celebrated and the most 
important River in the Western World. 



GULFS, BAYS, SOUNDS, &c. 

Questions. What shores do they indent ? To 
what larger waters are they tributary ? What is 
a Gulf or Bay ? A Sowid, ? 

Example. Gulf of Mexico ? — Indents the south shore of the United 
States, and the East coast of Mexico — is nearly enclosed by the Peninsulas 
of East Florida and Yucatan, and is tributary to the Atlantic Ocean. 



Baffin's ? 

Lancaster 

Hudson's 

James 

St. Laurence 

Fundy 

Passamaquoddy 

Penobscot 

Casco 

Massachusetts 

Cape Cod 

Boston Harbor 

Buzzard 

Vineyard 

Narragansett 

Long Island Sound 

New Haven 

New York Bay 

Sackett's Harbor 

Quinte 



Green ? 

Georgian 

Saginaw 

Delaware 

Chesapeake 

Albemarle 

Pamlico 

Mexico 

Campeachy 

Honduras 

Caribbean Sea. 

Norton 

Bristol 

Cook's 

Q. Charlotte 

Nootka 

San Francisco 

California 

Panama 



NORTH AMERICA. 43 



STRAITS, PASSAGES, &c. 

Questions. Between what shores are tliey ? 
What waters do they connect ? What is a 
Strait ? 

Example . Bhering's ? — Between the North-West part of North America 
and the North-East extremity of Asia — connects the North Pacific Ocean 
with the Arctic. 



* 



Davis's ? Gulf of Florida, or 

Cumberland Florida passage ? 

Hudson's Providence Channel* 



'A 



Belleisle Ship Channel 

Hell Gate & East River Windward Passage 

Mackinaw Leeward, or Mona 

Bhering's passage 

* See Map of the West Indies. 



CAPES. 

Questions. Where are they situated ? Into 
what waters do they project ? What is a Cape ? 

Example. Cape Malabar ? — In the East part of Massachusetts — at the 
elbow of Cape Cod Peninsula. It projects into the Atlantic Ocean. 



Farewell ? 
Sable 
Cod 
Malabar 


Sandy-Hook ? 
May 

Henlopen 
Charles 


Judith 
Montaug 


Henry 
Hatteras 



44 



hart's geography. 



Lookout ? 


St. Nicholas ? 


Fear 


Tiber on 


Carnaveral 


Roxa 


Sable 2d, 


Beatta 


Flattery 

Di sappoi ntm ent 

Foulweather 


Enganq 

Roxo 

Negril 


Mendocino 
St. Lucas 


Morant 
Portland • 


Maize 


Lodo or Balize Point 


St. Antonio 


Catoche 


Cruz 


Gracias-a-Dios 


Frangais 




See Map qf the West Indies, for the last column of Capes. 


PENINSULAS. 



Questions. From what part of the country 
do they project ? What waters embrace them ? 
In what Capes do they terminate? What is a 
Peninsula ? , - y 

Example. Florida ?— Projects from the South-Eas.t extremity of .the 
United States — is embraced by the Atlantic on the East, and the Guljf of 
Mexico on the West ; terminating on the South in Cape Sable. 



Greenland ? 
Labrador 
Nova Scotia 
Cape Cod 
Michigan 



Florida ? 

Yucatan 

Alaska 

Mexican California 

New Jersey 



NORTH AMERICA.- 45 

MOUNTAINS. 

Questions. Where are they ? In what direc- 
tions do the ranges extend ? What is the height ? 
What is a mountain ? 

Example. Calif oniian M'ts. ? — Extend North and South on the West 
side of North America — commencing at Cape St. Lucas, and terminating at 
the Arctic Ocean. — Mount St. EHas, near the Northern extremity, is 
17,850 feet high. 

• Feet. 

Allegany Mountains? U. States, . . 4,000 

Green Mountains ? . Vermont, . . 3,500 

White Hills ? . . . N. HampsMre, . 6,000 

Catskill Mountains ? New York, . . 3,500 

Ozark Mountains ? . Arkansas, . . 

Black Hills ?.. .. . . Missouri, 



Rocky Mountains ? . N, America, . 6,000 

Californian Mnt's. V W. Coast Amer., - — — 

Mount St. Elias ? . N. W. Coast, . 17,850 

Blue Mountains ? . I. of Jamaica, . 7,500 



LAKES. 

Questions, In what part of the country are 
they situated ? What outlets have they ? Where 
do they empty ? What is a lake ? 

Example. Champlain ? — Between the States of New York and Ver- 
mont — Communicates with tho River St. Lawrence by Sorelle River. 

Superior ? ' ' Erie ? 

Huron ? I Ontario ? 

Michigan ? Ohamplain ? 

St. Clair ? ;. George ? 



46 



hart's geography 



Oneida ? 
Cayuga ? 
Seneca ? 
Chatauque ? 
Great Bear ? 
Slave ? 

Athapescow, or Lake ) 
of the Hills ? \ 

For what are the Lakes, Erie and Champlain, particularly celebrated 1 
Lake Erie is celebrated for a great Naval victory gained by the Ameri- 
cans over a British fleet, September 10, 1813. 

Lake Champlain is celebrated for a great Naval victory gained by. the 
A.mericans over a British fleet, September 11, 1814. 



Winnipeg ? 
Lake of the Woods ? 
Great Salt ? 
Borgne ? 
Pontchartrain ? 
Tezcuco ? 
Nicaragua ? 



ISLANDS. 

Questions. Where are they situated ? What 
waters surround them ? What is an island ? 



Example. Long Island ?- 
of New York — surrounded by 

Iceland ? 
Melville ? 
Southampton ? 
Disco ? 

Newfoundland ? 
Anticosti ? 
Prince Edward's ? 
Cape Breton ? 
Nantucket ? 



-South of Connecticut — belongs to the State 
Long Island Sound, Atlantic Ocean, &c. 

Martha's Vineyard ? 
Long? (140 miles) 
Manhattan or New ) 
York? \ 

Queen Charlotte's ? 
Vancouver's ? 
Manitouline ? 
Royal ? 
Bermuda ? 



WEST INDIA 



Group of the Great ) 

Antilles ? 4 in No. \ 

Cuba ? (700 m. long) 



ISLANDS. 

St. Domingo, or 
Hayti or Hispan- 
iola? (480 long) 



NORTH AMERICA. 



47 



Jamaica ? 
Porto Rico ? 
Group of the Virg. Is 
St. Thomas ? 
Santa Cruz ? 
Group of the Baha- 
mas 1 500 in num. 
Bahama ? 
Abaco ? 
Eleuthera ? 
Providence ? 



Guanahani, or St. ) 
Salvador or Cat ?* \ 
G. of the Carribbee ? 
Guadaloupe 1 
Marti nico ? 
Barbadoes ? 
Trinidad ? 
Group of the Little ) 
Antilles ? ) 

Margaritta ? 
Curazoa ? 



What land was first discovered by Columbus 1 

* San Salvador, one of the Bahama Islands, was the first land discovered 
by Columbus, October 12, 1492. His armament consisted of three small 
vessels and ninety men. His course from Spain was first Southerly to the 
Canary Isles, and then nearly West to America. {See page 78.) 



CITIES AND TOWNS. 

Questions. In what States are they ? How 
situated — on rivers, or inland? In what direc- 
tion do they lie from New York ? From Wash- 
ington ? What is a city ? 

Exajvepl.es. City of New York ?— In the South-East part of the State 
of New York ; situated on Manhattan Island, at the confluence of the 
Hudson and East Rivers ; North-East from Washington, &c. 

Chief Cities, are placed at the head of each Section. 
Capitals, are distinguished by the letter C. 

IN THE NORTHERN STATES. 



In New York. Pop. 


New York 1 . 


. 515,507 


Brooklyn, 


97,838 


Albany, c. . 


50,763 


Buffalo, . 


42,261 


Rochester, 


36,403 


Williamsburg, 


30,780 



In New York. 


Pop. 


Troy! . 


28,785 


Syracuse, 


22,271 


Utica, 


17,565 


Poughkeepsie, 


13,944 


Lockport, 


12,323 


Oswego, 


12,205 



48 



hart's geography. 



In New York. 



Newburg ? 
Kingston^ 
Auburn, . 
Fishkill, . 
Schenectady, 
Elmira, . 
Rome, 
West Troy, 
Black Rock, 
Watertown, 



• 



Pop. 

11,415 
10,233 
9,548 
9,240 
8,921 
8,166 
7,918 
7,564 
1 7,508 
7,201 



In New York. 


Pop. 


Owego \ . 




7,159 


Ithaca, 




6,909 


Whitestown, . 


• 


6,810 


Hudson, . ; 




6,286 


Canandaigua, . 




6,143 


Johnstown, 




6,131 


Lansingburg, . 


5 


Plattsburg, 
Catskill, . . 




.5,618 
5^54 


West Point,* , , . 


. 






What is the probable number of persons in the City of New York, daily -1 
Adopting the plan of European and other cities for estimating their popu- 
lation, the City of New York with its suburbs and the strangers doing 
business therein, will have a population of over three quarters of a million. 
Thus- 
New York City proper, contains 516,000 ' 

Suburbs, Cities and Villages, , . . - . . 150,000 

Strangers, . . . .■■'.' ... . 100,000 



Total, 



766,000 



And, upon extraordinary occasions, a million of people may be found in the 
city of Manhattan. New York is the first city in America, and, with 
the exception of London, the first commercial city in the world. It may 
safely be assumed that her resources and "enterprise will shortly control the 
exchanges and commerce of the globe. 

What National Institution do you find at West Point 3 
* West Point, on the West bank of the Hudson, is the seat of that import- 
ant National Institution, the U. S. Military Academy. There- are two 
hundred and fifty Cadets, selected from all parts of the- Union, who are 
carefully and thoroughly educated at the public expense, in military science. 



In Pennsylvania. 


Pop. 


- In New Jersey. 


Pop. 


Philadelphia 1 . 


408,815 


Jersey City 1 . " . 


6,856 


Pittsburg, 


50,519 


Trenton, c. . v 


6,466 


Allegany, 


21,262 


Elizabethtown, 


5,583 


Reading, . . . 


15,748 


Burlington, . 
. Woodbridge, . - ■ . . 


5,399 


Lancaster, . . . 


12,369 


5.368 


Easton, . 


8,791 


Morristown, . . - . ' 


4,995 


Harrisburg, c. 


7,834 






Pottsville, 


7,415 


In Delatvare. 


' 


Erie, .... 
York, .... 
Wilkesbarre, 
Carbondale, . 


5,858 
5,813 
5,651 
4,945 


Wilmington 1 
Dover, c. . 
New Castle, r ... 


13.979 

4,278 
3,088 


Carlisle, . 


4,581 


In Michigan . 




In New Jersey. 




Detroit 1c. 


21,019 


Newark 1 . 


38,894 


Ann Arbor, 


4.868 


Paterson, ... 


11,341 


Jackson, ... 


4,147 


New Brunswick, . 


10,019 


Flint, 


3,304 


Camden, ... 


9,598 


Grand Rapids, 


3,147 



NORTH AMERICA. 
In Wisconsin. Pop. In IVisconsin. 



MlLWAUKIE 1 

Racine City, 
Kenosha City, 



20,061 Janesville 1 
5,107 Mineral Point, 
3,455 I Madison, c. 



49 



Pop. 

3,451 
2,5*4 
1,525 



IN THE EASTERN STATES 



In Maine. 


In Mas 


sachusetts. 


Portland 1 


. 20,815 




Bangor, . 
Augusta, c. . 


. 14,432 
8,225 


Boston 1 c. 
Lowell, . 




Bath, 


8,020 


Salem, 




Gardiner, 


6,486 


Roxbury, 




Saco, 


5,801 


Worcester, 
Charlestown, 




In New B 


T ampshire. 


New Bedford, 




Manchester 1 


. 13,932 


Cambridge, 
Lynn, 




Portsmouth, 


9,738 




Concord, c. . 
Dover, 


8,576 
8,186 


Springfield, 

Taunton, 

Newburyport, 




In Vet 


mont. 


Lawrence, 




Burlington % 
Bennington, 
Brattleboro, 
Rutland, . 


6,110 
3,923 
3,816 
3,715 


Danvers, . 
Nantucket, 
Andover, 
Marblehead, 




St. Alban's, 


3,567 


Northampton, 




Middlebury, . 


3,517 




Montpelier, c. 


2,310 


In Connecticut. 


In Rhode 


Island. 


New Haven 1 c. . 


Providence 1 c. 


. 41,512 


Hartford, c. . 


Newport, c. . 


9,563 


Norwich, 




Bristol, c. 


4,616 


New London, 




S. Kingston, c. 


3,807 


Bridgeport, 




E. Greenwich, c. 


2,358 


Danbury, 





How many Capitals has Rhode Island 1 (Five.) 
Name them. 



IN THE CENTRAL STATES. 
In Ohio. In Indiana. 



Cincinnati 1 . 


. 115.436 


New Albany 1 




Columbus, c. 


. 18,183 


Indianopolis, c. 




Cleveland, 


. 17,034 


Madison, . 




Dayton, . 


. 10,977 


Lafayette, 




Zanesville, 


7,929 


Fort Wayne, . 




Chilicothe, 


7,100 


Charleston, 




Xenia, 


7,055 


Evansville, 




Steuhenville, . 


6,139 


Lawrenceburg, 





50 



hart's geography. 



In Illinois. 


Pop. 


In, Tennessee. 


Pop. 








Nashville 1 c. 


. 10,000 


Chicago 1 




29,963 


Memphis, 


. • 8,841 


Quincy, . 






6,901 


Knoxville, 


2,076 


Galena, . 






6,004 


. 




Peoria, 






5,562 


In Kentucky. 




Springfield, c 
Alton, 






4,533 


Louisville 1 . 


. 43,196 






3,875 - 


Lexington, ,. 


. 10.000 


Waukegon, 






2,947 


Covington, . 


9,408 


Belleville, 






2 941 


Newport, 


5,895 


Jacksonville, 






2,745 


Maysville, 


4,255 


Rushville, 




2,609 


Frankfort, c. 


3,000 


11 


* THE SOUTHERN STATES. 




In Virg 


inia. 




, In Florida. 




Richmond % c. 




27,482 


St. Augustine 1 


4,000 


Norfolk, . 




14,326 


Pensacola, 


3,000 


Petersburg, 






14,010 


Tallahassee, c. 


2,000 


Wheeling, 






11,391 


St. Mark's, . 


2,000 


Alexandria,* 
Portsmouth, 






8,752 i 
8,122 


Apalachieola, . 


1,500 


Lynchburg, 






. 8,071 


In Alabama. 




Fredericksburg, 




4,062 


Mobile 1 


20,513 

' 4,874 


* Re-ceded to Va. 


by Dist 


of Col. 


Montgomery, c. . 
Tuscaloosa, 
Huntsville, 
Blakely, \ 


In Mart) 

Baltimore 1 . 
Havre-de^Grace, 


land. 


189,048 ' 
6,105 


4,000 
2,863 

2,000 


Frederick, 




6,028 


In Mississippi. 




Annapolis, c.f 




3,011 


Natchez 1 


10,000 


In North L 


^arolina 




Vicksburg, . . 


5,000 


Wilmington 1 




5,000 


Jackson, c. 


3,000 


Raleigh, c. . 
Fayetteville, . 




4,518 

4,285 


In Louisiana. 




Newbern, 




4,000 , 


New Orleans 1 c. 


116,348 


In South C 


arolina 




Baton Rouge, . 
Natchitoches, . 


3,905 
2,000 


Charleston 1 




42,985 






Columbia, c. 




6,060 


In Texas. 




Georgetown, . 
Hamburg, 
Beaufort, . . . 


I 


4,000 
3,000 
2,000 


Galveston 1 . 
San Antonio, . 
Houston, - X 


4,177 
3,343 
2,396 


In Geoi 


gia. 




Austin, c. 


1,000 


Savannah 1 
Augusta, 




15,000 
8,000 


District of Columb 


'a. 


Columbus, 




5,942 


Washington 1 c. U. S 


40,001 


Milledgeville, 


c. . 




2,216 


Georgetown, . 


8,366 



What National Institution do you find in Annapolis 1 

f Annapolis, on the Severn, is the seat of a'new but very important 
National Institution, called the United States Naval Academy, for the edu- 
cation of young Naval officers. 



NORTH AMERICA. 



51 



IN THE WESTERN STATES. 



In Missouri. 

St. Louis 1 . , :". 
Lexington. 
Booneville, 
St. Charles, . 
Jefferson City, c. . 

In Ioiua. 

Burlington City 1 
Iowa City, c. 
Muscatine, 

In California. 

San Francisco 1 . 
Sacramento, . . . 
Los Angelos, . . . 
San Jose, a, . 
Vallejo, c. 



Pop. 

64,252 
3,732 
2,326 

2,000 
2,000 



5,30 

3,000 

2,539 



25,000 

6/820 

1,610 

1,000 

500 



In Arkansas. 
•Little Rock 1 c. 

In Minnesota. 
St. Paul'? c. 



;-Fe1 c. 

In Oregon. 

Portland! . 
Oregon City, c. 
Astoria, ,. . . . 

In Utah. 
Salt Lake City 1 c . 



IN THE BRITISH PROVINCES. 



In Canada East, L. C. 



Montreal 1 
Quebec, " c 



35,000 
30,000 



In Canada West, U. 

1 'Jit ■: 



Toronto 1 c ~ . 12,000 

Kingston, .-■ . . 6,000 

In Nova Scoiin: 

Halifax 1 c. . . 18,000 

MEXICAN STATES. 

Mexico! c. ... - . ■ . 150.000 

Puebla, i .' . . 70,006 

Guadalaxara, . . . 60,000 

San Luis Potosi,. . . . 50,000 

Oaxaca, . ." V .'40,000 

Vera Cruz, . . . 10,000 

Tampico, . . . 7,000 

Matarnoros, . . . 4,000 

Acapulco, ... .■ 4,000 

In Central America. 



In New Brunswick. 



Guatemala 1 c. 
San Salvador, c. 
Nicaragua, c. 



25.000 
15,000 
10,000 



St. John's'? . 
St". Andrew's, . 
Fredericton, c. 



In Cape Breton. 
Sydney 1c. . "". 
In Newfoundland. 
St. John's, c. ' . 

WEST INDIES. 

In Jamaica. 
Kingston 1 . . 
Spanish Town, c. . 

In Cuba. 
Havana ? c. . 
Principe, . 
Matanzas, . . 

In Hayti. 
Port au Prince 1 c. . 
San Domingo, . 
Capo Haytien, 

In Porto Rico. 
San Juan 1c. 



Pop. 
t 2,174 

1,112 

4,846 

821 
697 

4,000 



13,000 
4,000 
3,000 



1,000 
20,000 



30,000 
5,000 



125,000 
40,000 
20,000 



20,000 
12,000 
12,000 



30,000 



52 



DIAGRAMS, MAPS, &c. 

FOR 

RECAPITULATION. 



The Teacher wiD greatly accelerate the progress of his students by intro- 
ducing the following among the exercises as they proceed. A convenient 
number of pupils will be designated in turn, to construct what is required 
with chalk upon a large black board, without lettering ; and the remainder 
of the class will prepare the Maps upon a slate against the day of Geogra- 
phical recitation. The Maps must be drawn upon as large a scale as the 
slate or board will admit. A recapitulation of the lessons which have pre- 
ceded will then take place upon the blanks, and the instructer will correct 
such inaccuracies as may appear in the delineation. 

1. Draw a large circle, and represent within it the principal great and 
small circles ; and answer all the questions relative to the sphere which are 
found under Definitions. (See Diagram at Page 22.) 

2. Draw the outline of North America, and insert the boundaries of the 
large political divisions. 

3. Draw the outline of the State of New York, and within it insert the 
counties, rivers, towns, lakes, canals, islands, &c. 

4. Draw the outlines of the several States and Territories, separately, 
and insert their rivers and towns. 

5. Draw the outlines of the Eastern division of States together, and re- 
present the rivers and towns of each State. 

6. Draw the outlines of the United States collectively, and insert the 
principal rivers, capitals, chief towns, lakes, &c. 

7. If the pupils are of proper age, and possess sufficient ability, they will 
draw the maps of the State of New York, and the United States, upon 
paper, and letter and color them under the direction of the teacher. 



SOUTH AMERICA. 



54 



OBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY PECULIAR TO SOUTH AMERICA. 




Three-toed Sloth. 




Ant Eater. 




Brazilian, or Striated Monkey. 




Anaconda. 




Condor. 




Armadillo. 




Guinea Pig. 




Turtle, of the Gallipagos Islands. 




Electric Eel. 




Toucan. 



sotrra AtaEkroAr. s 55 

MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. 

. . : v, . . ■ . I 

Point to the Map of South America ? 
Where is South America ? J 

What natural division of land is it ? 
What are its boundaries ? 
5. What are the large political subdivisions of 

South America ? 
What are the boundaries of— 

New Granada ? Uruguay ? 

Venezuela? Paraguay? 

Equador ? Peru? 

Guiana ? Bolivia ? 

Brazil? Chill ? 

Buenos Ayres ? Patagonia ? 

What civil divisions are on the North ? 
What on the East ? What on -the South ? >■ 
15. What on the West ? What in the centre ? 
Whicli is the largest South American Island ? 
What river in South America is said' to be 

the largest in the world ? : 
Among what mountains does it rise ? 
What is its length ? (4,000 miles.) 

20. How long is it, including its source, the 
Apurimac ? (4,700 miles.) 

What other river is also called the source 
of the Amazon ? ( Tunguragna.) 

What is the latitude of the mouth of the 

Amazon ? Why ? 
What mountains are on the Western side of 
this large American peninsula ? 



56 



HART'S GEOGRAPHY. 



What is the extent of the Andes ? (4,500 m.) 
25. What peak among the Andes is the most 

elevated in all America ? (Chimborazo.) 

What is its altitude ? (4 miles.) 

Which is the most noted strait in South 

America ? 
How long is it ? (300 miles.) 

What island does it separate from the main ? 
30. What capes are on the North, East, South, 

and West extremities of South America ? 
What rivers are tributary to the Amazon ? 
How many rivers are there in South America, 

whose length is upwards of 1000 miles ? 

{Eleven.) 
Name them, and point them out rapidly ? 
What islands lie along the North coast of 

South America ? 
35. What capes are at the entrance of the 

La Plata ? 
Through what part of South America does 

the Equator pass ? 
What is the first city 



in South America ? 



Its situation and population ? 



The second 1 
The third 1 
The fourth % 
The fifth 1 
The sixth 1 
The seventh 1 
The eighth % 
The ninth 1 
The tenth 1 



Rio de Janeiro, . 

Bahia, o)- St. Salvador, 

Buenos Ayres, . 

Quito, 

Santiago, . 

Pernambuco, 

Lima, 

Bogota, 

Cuzco, 

La Paz, . 



pop. 



200,000 
160,000 
100,000 
70,000 
65,000 
62,000 
60,000 
40,000 
40,000 
40,006 



What are the latitudes and longitudes of the 
four extremities of South America ? 



SOUTH AMERICA. 57 

What courses will you sail, and what waters 

will you navigate, on your passage from 

Carraccas to Lima ? 
40. What is the capital of each of the divisions 

of South America, and where situated ? 
What direction is South America from the 

United States of North America ? 
How much of South America does Brazil 

claim ? {One-third.) 

Wliat is the population of South America 1 

{See Table 6.) 
What coast of South America is called the 

Spanish Main ? ( The North.) 

45. How many peaks of the Andes in Chili are 

20,000 feet in height ? {See Mountains.) 

Which is the highest volcanic mountain in the 

world ? {Cotopaxi.) 

How high is it ? (19,000 feet.) 

Where is the island of Juan Fernandes ? 
For what is Juan Fernandes remarkable ? 
50. Which is the only kingly government on 

this continent of Republics ? {Brazil.) 

How many miles would the passage from New 

York to India, or China, be shortened by 

a canal passage through the Isthmus of 

Darien? {12, 500 miles.) 

From N. Y. to Chagres, what courses and over 

what waters ? Over what land to Panama ? 
From Panama to San Francisco ; from San 

rrancjsco to Canton; from Canton to the 

Cape of Good Hope, and thence home, what 

courses and through what seas ? 



58 



hart's geography. 



RIVERS. 



; . 



Questions. Where do they rise? What 
courses do they rim, and through what countries'? 
Where do they empty ? 





Miles. 






Mites. 


Amazon T .' . . 


. 4,000 


AraguayT . 
St. Francisco, 




. 1,000 


Amazon, and its Jiead, 


. 4,700 




.! 1,000 


La Plata and its head. 


. 2,450 


Parana, 




. 1,000 


Madeira, . ... 


.. 1,80D 


' Pilcomayo, . 




: 1,000 


Negro, . . ■ . 


. 1,400 


Magdalena, 




. 800 


Orinoco, . v . 1 . 


. 1,380 


Uruguay, 




. 800 


Tocantins, , . , . 


.. 1,200 


V.erinejo, 




. 700 


Paraguay, . . 


. 1,200 


Salado, 




. 600 



GULFS, BAYS, &c. 

Questions. What shores do they indent ? 

To what larger waters are they tributary ? 

Darien ? Guayaquil? 

All Saints ? Archip. de Chonos ? 

St. Matthias ? Archip. de Toledo ? 

St . George ? Paria ? 

Bonaventura ? Venezuela? 



STRAITS. 

Questions. Between what shores are they ? 
What ivaters do they comiect ? 

Magellan ? Le Maire ? Carlos ? 



SOUTH AMERIQA, 



59 



CAPES. 

Questions. Where are they situated? Into 
what waters do they project ? 

De la Vela? Blanco? 

St. Roque ? Tres Montes ? 

Santa Maria ? Pilares ? 

St. Antonio? Horn? 



PENINSULAS. 

Questions, From what country do they pro- 
ject ? What, waters embrace them ? 

South America ? St. Joseph ? Tres Morites ? 



MOUNTAINS. 

Questions. In what direction do the ranges 
extend ? Where do they commence and terminate ? 
Where are the peaks ? How high are they ? 



Andes chain 1 
Quito city % 
Antisana peak 1 
Cotopaxi volcano 1 
Pitchinca- volcano 1 
Chiuiborazo peak 1 
Potosicity'? ' . 
Chilian peak 1 . 
Manflos peak 1 . 
Tupungato peak 1 
Descabezado peak 1 
Blanquillo peak 1 
Longavi peak % . 
Corcobado peak 1 









Feet. 


. West Coast S. A. from 10 to 20,000 






Equador, . 


. 10,000 






do. . 


. 19,000 






do. 


. " . ' ." 19,000 






do. ■ . 


. . . . 16,000 






do. 


. . . 21,500 






Bolivia, . 


... 11,000 






Chili, 


. 20,000 






do. 


. 20,000 






do. 


. 20,000 






do. 


. 20,000 






do. 


' . . . ■ 20,000 






do... . 


. 20,000 






Patagonia, 


. 20,000 



60 



HART'S GEOGRAPHY. 



LAKES. 

Questions. Where are they ? What their out- 
lets ? Where do they empty ? 

Maracaybo ? Titicaca ? 



ISLANDS. 



Questions. Where are they situated ? 
water surround them ? 



What 



Group of the Little 

Antilles ? 
Trinidad ? 
Juan de Marajo ? 
South Shetland ? 
Solidad ? 
Staten Land ? 
Juan Fernandes ? 



Gallipagos Group ? 
Madre de Dios ? 
Tierra del Fuego ? 
Falkland Group ? 
Great Falkland ? 
Georgia ? 
Chilo6 ? 
Hermit ? 



CITIES, &c. 



Questions. In what countries are they ? How 
situated — on rivers or inland ? What direction 
from Lima ? From St. Salvador ? From 
Montevideo ? 



In New Granada. 



Pop. 



Bogota 1 c. . 40,000 

Popayan, .... 25,000 



In New Granada. 



Pop. 



Carthagenal . . . 18,000 
Panama, .... 12,000 



SOUTH AMERICA. 



61 



In Venezuela. L Pop. 



Caraccas 1 c. 
Maracaybo, 
Cumana, . 



hi Equador. 



Quito 1 c. 

Guayaquil, 

Cuenca, 



In Guiana. 

Georgetown 1 c. . 
Paramaribo, c, 
Cayenne, c. . 

hi Brazil. 

Rio de Janeiro 1 c. 

Bahia, . . . . 

Pernainbuco, . 

Maranham, 

Para, . . . 



23,000 
20,000 
12,000 



70,000 
20,000 
20,000 



20,000 

20,000 

5,000 



260,000 

160,000 

62,000 

30,000 

20,000 



In Buenos Ayres, or Argentine 
Republic. 

Buenos Ayres *J el . 100,000 



In Uraguay, or Banda Oriental. 
V , Pop. 
, , , 12,000 



Monte Video 1 c. 



In Paraguay. 
Assumption 1c. . 



In Peru,. 



Lima 1 c. 
Cuzco, 
Arequipa, 
Guamanga, 



In Boliva. 



La PazI . 

Potosi, 

Oropesa, 

La Plata, or 2 '.[ 

Chuquisaca, c. 



In Chili. 



St. Iago 1 c. 
Valparaiso, 
Concepcion, 
Coquimbo, 



10,000 



60,000 
40,000 
35,000 
25,1)00 



40,000 
35,000 
25,000 

18,000 



65,000 
26,000 
10^00 
10,000 



Rapid Travelling on the Map, by Land and Water. 

What course will you take — through what countries — and over what 

waters 1 



From New York 


to . 


. Albany ? 


From Albany . . . 


to . 


. Buffalo ? 


From Buffalo . 


to . 


. Cleveland? 


From Cleveland . : V 


to ■. 


. Cincinnati? 


From Cincinnati . . 


vto . 


. St. Louis? 


From St. Louis . . 


to "'.' 


. New Orleans ? 


From New Orleans . 


to . 


. New York ? 


From New York 


to . 


. Philadelphia ? 


From Philadelphia . 


to . 


. Baltimore ? 



62 



HART'S GEOGRAPHY. 



From Baltimore . . 


to . 


. Norfolk ? 


From Norfolk . . . 


to . 


. Boston ? 


From Boston . . . 


to . 


. Providence 1 


From Providence 


to . 


. New Haven ? 


From New Haven . 


to . 


. Brooklyn ? 


From Brooklyn . . 


to . 


. New York 


From New York 


to . 


. Cuba ? 


From Cuba . . . 


to . 


. Rio Janeiro ? 


From Rio Janeiro 


to . 


. Valparaiso 1 


From Valparaiso . 


to . 


. Sandwich Is. ? 


From Sandwich Is. . 


to . 


. St. Francisco ? 


From St. Francisco . 


to . 


. Astoria ? 


From Astoria . . . 


to . 


. Java ? 


From Java .... 


to . 


. Acapulco ? 


From Acapulco . . 


to . 


. Panama ? 


From Panama . . 


to . 


. Jamaica ? 


From Jamaica . . 


to . 


. St. Domingo? 


From St. Domingo . 


to . 


. New Orleans ? 


From New Orleans 


to . 


. Cuba ? 


From Cuba . . . 


to . 


. New York ? 



MAPS. 



1. Draw the outline of South America upon a large scale; insert the 
boundaries of the divisions, rivers, towns, lakes, &c. 

2. Draw the map of the Western Hemisphere upon paper; insert 
boundaries, rivers, capitals, and chief towns ; letter the map, and finish it 
by coloring 



EUROPE. 



64 



OBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY PECULIAR TO EUROPE. 




Reindeer. 




Ibex. 





Lynx. 




Chamois. 




Wild Boar. 



Hedgehog. 





Merino Sheep. 



Tamed Buffalo. 





Swan. 



Falcon. 



EUROPE. - 65 



MAP OF EUROPE. 

Point to the Map of Europe ? 

Where is Europe ? r 

What are its boundaries ? 

What are the political subdivisions of Europe ? 

5. What are the boundaries of-r . 

Norway? Switzerland,?:, 

Sweden? Austria? 

Russia ? ■■: > Portugal ? 

Great. Britain-?-. , Spain? 

Denmark ? Italy ? 

Holland ? Turkey ? 

Germany ? Greece ? 

Prussia ? .Belgium ? 

France ? 
15. What governments are on the North ? 
What governments are in the centre ? What 

on the South ? Wliat in the West ? 
What countries in Europe are peninsulas ? 
Whicii is the largest European island ? 
What city is the capital of each of the govern- 
ments of Europe, and where situated;? gj 
20. Which is the largest country in Europe ? 
Which is the smallest ? (Repub. of St. Marino.) 
Where is the Republic of St. Marino ? 

San Marino is a Republic in Italy, containing only. 7,600 inhabitants. It 
has one town, San Marino, containing a population of 5,500, arid four small 
villages: It is the smallest state in .Europe and one of the most ancient. 
Area 22 square miles. It is under the protection of the Pope of Rome., 

Where is the Ionian Republic ? 

Of what islands does it consist ? , [See Islands.) 



66 



HART'S GEOGRAPHY 



25. What is the capital of that republic ? 

(Corfu.) 

Which are the largest islands in the Mediter- 
ranean Sea ? 

What mountains, rivers, and seas, form the 
eastern boundary of Europe ? 

What is the length of Europe, from Lisbon to 
the Uralian mountains ? (3,300 miles.) 

What is the breadth of Europe from Cape 
North to Cape Matapan ? (2,500 miles.) 

30. Which is the principal city of Europe ? 

Where is it situated, and what is its population ? 





London, 




j 


nop. 


2,560,000 


The second 1 . 


. Paris, 




. 


The third 1 . 


. Constantinople, 








500,000 


The fourth 1 . 


. St. Petersburg, 








470,000 


The fifth 1 . 


. Moscow, 








385,000 


The sixth 1 . 


. Vienna, 








360,000 


The seventh 1 


. Manchester, 








360,000 


The eighth 1 . 


. Naples, 








350,000 


The ninth 1 . 


. Berlin, 








291,000 


The tenth 1 . 


. Liverpool, . 








287,000 


The eleventh * 


. Glasgow, . 








285,000 


The twelfth 1 


. Lisbon, 








250,000 


The thirteenth 1 . 


. Dublin, 








240,000 


The fourteenth 1 . 


. Madrid, 








236,000 


The fifteenth 1 


. Amsterdam, 








207,000 



45. Which is the largest sea belonging en- 
tirely to Europe ? 

Where is the Baltic Sea ? 

In what direction will you sail from England 
to the United States of North America ? 

What towns in England and France are 
nearest each other ? (Dover and Calais.) 

How wide is the Strait of Dover ? (22 miles.) 

50. What capes are there in the North of 
Europe ? 

On what island is Cape North ? (Mageroe.) 



EUROPE. 67 

What rivers of Europe run into the waters of 

the Arctic Ocean ? 
40. In what direction do the other quarters or 

grand divisions of the world lie from Europe? 
Which is the largest Danish island 1 {Iceland.) 
What country of North America belongs to 

Denmark ? {Greenland.) 

What is the population of Europe ? See Tab. 9. 
What straits are at the entrance of the Baltic 

Sea 1 
45. What waters will you navigate on your 

passage from London to Constantinople ? 
Where is the " Canal Royal" of Languedoc ? 

(In France.) 
What waters does it unite ? 
How long is it ? (140 miles.) 

How wide is the isthmus of Corinth ? 

{5 or 6 miles.) 
50. What countries in Europe border on the 

Atlantic 1 
What countries of Europe are washed by the 

Mediterranean ? 
What is the length of the Mediterranean Sea 

from East to West ? (2,000 miles.) 

Which are the principal islands in the Baltic Sea ? 
What clusters of islands do you find in the 

vicinity of Scotland ? 
55. Sailing from New York to Gibraltar, what 

group of islands do you pass, and what is 

your course ? What wind would be ahead ? 
Mention the lat. and long, of the largest island 

of the Azores 1 



68 



HART'S GEOGRAPHY. 



Is Germany a distinct country of Europe ? 

It is not : It is a Confederation of several- States. ' (See Table 12.) 

What are the principal States of Germany and 
their capitals ? (See Map ofGetmany.) 

The German Territories consist of 38 independent States : including 
about one-third of Austria, the greater part of Prussia, part of Denmark, 
part of the Netherlands, and the remainder of small independent States, 
governed by native German princes, together with the four free cities, Ham- 
burg, Frankfort, Bremen, and Lubeck. 

The confederation is represented by an assembly, called the Germanic 
Diet. The sessions arc held at Frankfort, on the riverMayne, which has 
been declared the permanent seat of the Diet, and may, therefore, be con- 
sidered the capital of Germany. 

The principal States thus rank in population :— 

States. Population. 

1. German Austria, . . 11,714,000 

2. German Prussia, . . . 10,908,000 

3. Kingdom of Bavaria, . . 4,339,000 

4. Kingdom of Hanover, . . 1,748,000 

5. Kingdom of "Wurtemburg, ' . 1,667,000 

6. Kingdom of Saxony, . . 1,666,000 



: : 



Capitals. 
Vienna. 
Berlin. 
Munich. 
Hanover. 
Stuttgard. 
Dresden. 



What city may he called the capital of Ger- 
many ? (Frankfort.) 

60. What countries are called Great Britain ? 

What river forms part of the boundary be- 
tween j Englaricl and Scotland ; ? ( Tweed.) 

What part of England is called Wales ? 

Where is the rock of Gibraltar ? 

What is the name of the South part of Norway ? 

()5. What are the North and West capes of 
Spain ? 

What is the South- West cape of Portugal ? 

What is the North cape of France ? 

What are the names of the North and South 
and West extremities of Europe? 

What water washes the North coast of Spain 
and the West coast of France ? 



EUROPE. 69 

TO. At sea, in latitude 45° North, and longitude 
10° West, what direct course is it to Lon- 
don ? What wind would be ahead ? 

Point to longitude 18° East, and latitude 40° 
, North, and say where it is ? 

Where are the islands of Spitzbergen and 
Nova Zembla? < 

What rivers are tributary to the Baltic Sea ? 

Which is the highest and most celebrated vol- 
canic mountain in Europe ? - '{Etna.) 

75. What mountains form the natural bound- 
ary between France and Spain? 

What large bodies of water sourround Europe ? 

Point out, rapidly tM of the largest rivers in 
Europe ? 

W T hat are the situations of the largest seas of 
Europe ? 

What sea separates Europe from Africa ? 

80. What is the climate of the North part of 
Europe ? (Cold.) 

What is the climate of the Southern part of 
Europe? (Temperate.) 

What waters separate England from the con- 
tinent? 

Which is the largest Italian island ? 

By what strait is it separated from the Penin- 
sula ? 

85. How wide is the Strait of Messina ? 

(From 2 to 5 miles.) 

How many and what republics are there in 
Europe ? (Three.) 

How many and what kingdoms? (Twenty.) 



TO 



HART'S GEOGRAPHY. 



How many and what empires? {Three.) 

Will you name them ? 

Europe contains three empires, Russia, Austria, and Turkey ; ttoenty king- 
doms, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Great Britain, France, Prussia, Spain, 
Portugal, Netherlands, Bavaria, Wurtemburg, Hanover, Saxony, Hun- 
gary, Lombardo- Venetian, Galicia, Bohemia, Illyria, Sardinia, and Naples ; 
three republics, Switzerland, the Ionian, and St. Marino : together with the 
Sovereignty of Greece. 

90. At what place does Europe make the 

nearest approach to Africa ? 
How does Europe rank in size and population 

among the grand divisions of the globe ? 

(See Tables 3 and 4.) 
What are the States of Italy and their capitals ? 

Italy, which consists of eight independent governments, may be divided 
into three parts, Northern, Central, and Southern, in the following order : 



N. 1. 



States. 
Kingdom of Sardinia, including the 
island, . . . . . . 4,087,000 

Duchy of Parma, .... 

Duchy of Modena, .... 

Popedom, or the Ecclesiastical State, 

Grand Duchy of Tuscany, 

Duchy of Lucca, .... 

Republic of St. Marino, 

K'm. of Naples, or the Two Sicilies, 



Population. 


Capitals. 


4,087,000 


Turin. 


466,000 


Parma. 


403,000 


Modena. 


2,733,000 


Rome. 


1,481,000 


Florence. 


166,000 


Lucca. 


7,600 


St. Marino 


7,957,000 


Naples. 


id on or 


near the 



What capitals will you 
Tagus ? 

What is the name of the coast of the Mediter- 
ranean East of Can dia ? (Levant.) 

What are the principal States of Austria, and 
their capitals ? 

The following are the principal States of Austria. Those marked [*] 
belong also to the German part of the empire. 





States. 


Population. 


Capitals. 


1. 

2. 
3. 

4. 
5. 


Arch-Duchy of Austria,* . 
Kingdom of Hungary, 
Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom, 
Kingdom of Galicia, 
Kingdom of Bohemia,* 


. 2,191,000 
12,506,000 
. 4,629,000 
. 4,643,000 
. 4,129,000 


. Vienna. 
. Buda. 
. Milan. 
. Lemberg. 
. Prague. 



EUROPE. 



71 



RIVERS. 



Questions. Where do they rise ? What 
courses do they run, and through what countries ? 
Where do they empty ? 









Miles. 








Miles. 


Wolga! .... 2,00( 


Oder! . . . . .400 


Danube, 






1,800 


Bog, . 






400 


Dnieper, 






1,200 


Ebro, . 






400 


Don, . 






1,000 


Drave, 






380 


Rhine, 






950 


Dwina, N. . 






350 


Elbe, . 






720 


Garronne, . 






350 


Dwina, W. 






625 


Guadiana, . 






350 


Loire, 






620 


Theiss, 






350 


Tagus, 






600 


Guadalquiver, 






320 


Save, . 
Vistula, 
Rhone, 






590 
550 
530 


Pruth, 
Bug, . . 
Mayne, 






300 
250 
230 


Petchora, . 






500 


Shannon, 






220 


Seine, 
Duero, 






500 
500 


Thames, 

Weser, 






210 

200 


Dniester, 






500 


Tiber, 






150 



SEAS, GULFS, BAYS, &c. 



Questions. What shores do they indent ? 
what larger waters are they tributary ? 



Tc 



Petchora ? 
White Sea ? 
Mezen ? 
Archangel ? 
Onega ? 
Candalax ? 
Waranger ? 



North Sea, or Ger- 
man Ocean ? 
Baltic Sea ? 
Bothnia ? 
Finland ? 
Riga? 
Dantzic ? 



72 



HART 7 ? ; GEOGRAPHY. 



Zuyder Zee ? 
Forth ? 
The Minch ? 
Solway ? 
Irish Sea ? 
Cardigan ? 
St. George's ? 
Bristol ? 
British ? 
Donegal ? 
Galway ? 
Dundalk? 
Foyle ? 
Dublin ? 
Biscay ? 






Mediterranean Sea? 

Lyons ? 

Genoa ? 

Tuscan Sea? 

Naples? 

Tarento ? 

Venice or Adri- ) 
atic Sea ? \ 

Ionian Sea ? 
t Grecian Archipel- } 
ago, or Egean > 
Sea ? S 

■< Sea of Azof? 

Black Sea ? 

Sea of Marmora ? 



STRAITS. 



Questions. Between what countries are they ? 
What waters do they connect ? 



Way gat ? 
Scaggerac ? 
Port Patrick ? 
Dover? 
Bosphoros or 

Constantinople ? 
Kattegat ? 
Great Belt ? 
Little Belt ? i 



,il 



Elsinore ? 

Gibraltar? 

Bonifacio ? 

Messina? 

Euripo or Negro- 

pont ? 
Dardenelles or 

Hellespont ? 
Jennicale ? 



EUROPE, 



73 



CAPES. 



Questions. Where 
waters do they project ? 

Canin ? 
Sviatoi ? 
Nord or North ? 
La Hogue ? 
Ortegal ? 
Finisterre ? 
Naze? 
Skaw ? 
Roca? 
Espichel ? 
St. Vincent ? 
Gibraltar or 

Europa ? 
Spartivento ? 
Rizzuto ? 



are 



they ? Into what 



Leuca ? 
Matapan ? 
Duncansby ? 
Kinnaird's ? 
Flamboro' ? 
Start ? 
Lizard ? 
Cornwall or 
Land's End ? 
Wrath 1 
The Butt ? 
Malin I 
Cansore ? 
Clear ? 
Slyne ? 



MOUNTAINS. 



Questions. In what directions do the ranges 
extend? Where do they commence and termi- 



nate ? 
tude ? 



Where are the peaks ? What the alti- 



Ural chain 1 . 
Dofrefield chain 1 
North Cape'? . 
Carpathian chain 1 
The Alp3 1 . 



Russia, 

Norway and Sweder 

Isle of Mageroe, . 

Austria, fyc. 

N. Italy, fyc. 



6 to 
10 to 



Feet. 

7,000 
7,000 
1,300 
8,000 
14,000 



74 



HART'S GEOGRAPHY. 



Mont Blanc 1 
The Appenines 1 
The Pyrenees 1 
Mont Perdu ! 
I'antabrian Mountains'! 
Promontory of Gibraltar 
Grampian Mountains 1 
Snafield peak 1 
Snoefiel peak 1 
Monte Rotondo 1 . 
Olimpo 1 



Peak of the Alps, 

Italy, 

France and Spain. 

P. of the Pyrenees. 

Spain, . 

do. 
Scotland, 
Isle of Man, 
Iceland, 
Corsica, 
Turkey IV. of Larissa 



5 or 
5 to 



Feet. 

15.700 

6,000 

10,000 

11,000 

8,000 

1,540 

4,000 

3,500 

7,000 

8.600 

£500 



What did the ancients believe concerning Olympus 



Olimpo, anciently Olympus, 19 miles N. of Larissa, was supposed by the 
ancients to be the highest mountain on the globe. They imagined the 
heavens to rest on its summit, and that it was the residence of the gods or 
heathen deities. 



VOLCANOES. 

Feet. 

Pico? Pico Is. . . 9,000 

Hecla? Iceland, . . 5,000 

Vesuvius ? . . . . Italy near Naples, 4,000 

Etna? Sicily, . . . 11,000 

Psiloriti or Ida ? . . Candia, . . 5,000 

Stromboli ? ' . . . Stromboli Is. . 3,000 

What are Volcanoes 1 



LAKES 



Questions. Where are they ? What are their 
outlets ? Where do they empty ? 

Wener ? Constance or ) 

Boden ? S 



Onega ? 
Geneva ? 



Ladoga ? 



EUROPE. 



75 



ISLANDS. 



Questions. In what direction are they situa- 
ted from the nearest coast ? What waters sur- 
round them ? 



Nova Zembla ? 


Azores or Western ) 


Spitsbergen ? 
Mageroe 1 
Luffoden Isles ? 


Isles ? \ 
Fayal ! 
Balearic Group ? 


Iceland 1 


Majorca ? 


Faroe Group ? 
Zetland Group ? 
Orkney Group ? 
Hebrides ? 


Minorca 1 
Ivica ? 
Corsica ? 
Sardinia ? 


Great Britain ? 
Ireland ? 


Li pari Group ? 
Sicily ? 


Man ? 


Malta ? 


Anglesea ? 


Ionian Isles ? 


Zealand ? 


Corfu ? 


Funen ? 


Paxo? 


Rugen ? 


Santa Maura ? 


Bornholm ? 


Ithaca or Teaki ? 


Oland ? 
Gothland ? 


Cephalonia 1 

Zante ? 


Aland ? 


Cerigo ? 


Retusari or Kronstadt ? 


Crete or Candia ? 


Dago ? 


Negropont ? 


Osel or Ezel ? 


Rhodes ? 


Texel ? 


Cyprus ? 


Note. Some of the last mentioned 
.tre mentioned here for the convenience 


islands are considered Asiatic, but 
of the pupil. 



76 



hart's geography. 



What Islands form the Ionian Republic 1 Name them 1 

Corfu and the six following islands in the list constitute the Ionian Re- 
public, or the Republic of the Seven Islands. In 1815 they were placed 
under the protection of Great Britain by the Congress of Vienna, 
inhabitants, (about 200,400 in number) are mostly Greeks. 



The 



PENINSULAS, 

Questions. From what part of the country 
do they project ? What waters embrace them ? 
I?i what capes do they terminate ? 



Norway and 

Sweden I 
Italy ? 
Spain and Por 



tugal ? 



Turkey ? 
Denmark ? 
Morea ? 
Krimea ? 



CITIES, &c. 

Questions. In what governments are they? 
How situated, on rivers or inland? In what 
direction do they lie from Paris ? From St. 
Petersburg ? From Constantinople ? 



In Russia. 


Pop. 


St. Petersburg 1 c. 

Moscow, . . . . 

Odessa, . 

Riga, . . . . 

Cronstadt, 


470,000 

385,000 

69,000 

67,000 

50,000 


In Poland. 




Wars aav 1 c. 
Cracow, . 


140,000 
37,000 


In Sweden. 




Stockholm 1 c. . 
Gottenburg, 
Cavlscrona, 
Upsal, . 


84,000 

29,000 

12,000 

5,000 



In Norway. 


Pop 


Christiana 1 c. 
Bergen, . 
Drontheim, 
Christiansand, 


23,000 

22,000 

12,000 

8,000 


In Denmark. 




Copenhagen 1 c. . 

Flensborg, 

Sleswick, 


119.000 
14^00 
11,000 


In Belgium. 




Brussels 1c. 
Ghent, . 
Antwerp, 
Liege, 
Bruges, 


104,000 
92,000 
77,000 
63,000 
44,000 



EUROPE. 



77 





In Holland. 


Pop. 


In Switzerland. Pop. 


Amsterdam 1 . 




207,000 


Geneva 1 


. 28,000 


Rotterdam, 




74,000 


Basle, 


. 20,000 


The Hague, c. 




59,000 


Berne, c. 


. 20,000 


Leyden, . 




36,000 


Zurich, c. 


. 12,000 


Utrecht, . 




36,000 


Lucerne, c. . 


7,000 


Groningen, 




30,000 












In Sardinia. 


In Germany. 




Turin 1 c. 


. 104,000 








Genoa, 


. 93,000 


See note, 


pg. 68. 


Alessandria, 


. 36,000 


Hamburg 1 




154,000 


Cagliari, . 


. 26,000 


Munich, . 

Tfi-P^fl ATI 




OOO 

o o o 

OOO 


In the Roman States. 


J71 CoUCiij • • 

Frankfort, c. 




Rome 1 c. 


. 149,000 


Bremen, . 




58,000 


Bologne, . 


. 69.000 


Leipsic, . 




48.000 


Ravenna, 


. leiooo 


Lubeck, 




47',000 






Stuttgard, 




38,000 


In the Two Sicilies. 


Altona, . 
Hanover, 




26,000 
24.000 


Naples 1 c. 


. 350,000 


Kiel, 




ll',000 


Palermo, . 
Messina, . 
Catania, . 


. 140.000 
. 83;000 
. 52,000 


In Pr 


ussia. 




Syracuse, 


. 17,000 


Berlin 1c. . 




291,000 






Breslau, . 




89,000 


In the small Italian States. 


Konigsberg, 
Cologne, . 
Dantzic, . 
Magdeburg, 




68,000 
66,000 
56,000 
51,000 


Florence 1 c 
Leghorn, 
Parma, c. 
Modena, c. 
Lucca, c . 


. 98,000 
. 76.000 
. 36,000 
. 27,000 
. 24.000 


In Ax 


stria. 




San Marino, c 


5,500 


Vienna 1c. . 
Milan, . 




■360,000 
185,000 


In 1 


^rance. 


Prague, 






108,000 


Paris 1 c. 


■ . . 910,000 


Venice, 






97.000 


Marseilles, 


. 170,000 


Pesth,- 






65,000 


Lyons, 


. 147,000 


Trieste, 






51,000 


Bordeaux, 


. 95,000 


Verona, 






49,000 


Rouen, 


. 92,000 


Buda, 






41.000 


Nantz, 


. 75,000 


Lintz, 






23,000 


Lisle, 


. 72,009 








Strasbourg, 


. 50,000 


In Turkey. 




Metz, 


. 43,000 


Constantinople 1 
Adrianople, 


c. 


500,000 
. 90,000 


Havre, 
Rochelle, 


. 30;009 
15,000 


Salonica, . 




65,000 


In 


Spain. 


Buchorest, 




60,000 




Sophia, . 




50,000 


Madrid 1 c. 
Barcelona, 


. 236,000 
. 120,000 


In G repr ' 




Seville, 


. 91,000 








Valencia, 


. 66,000 


Athens 1 


c. . 




17,000 


Malaga, . 


. 65,000 



78 




HART 7 S GEOGRAPHY. 




In Spain. 


Pop. 


In England. Pop. 


Cianada, 


60,000 


Hull, 


. 53,000 


Cadiz, 


59,000 


Portsmouth, 


. 53,000 


Saragossa, 


43,000 


Bath, 


. 51,000 


Paios,* 





Brighton, 


. 47,600 






Plymouth, 


. 37,000 


In Portugal. 




Southampton, . 


. 27,000 


Lisbon 1c.-, 


250.000 


York, 


. 26,000 


Oporto, . 






80,000 


In Scotland 


Coirubra, 






20,000 






Elva, 






17,000 


Glasgow 1 


. 2S5,000 


Braga, 
St. Ubes, 






15,000 


Edinburg, c. 


. 162,000 






15,000 


Paisley, . 


. 50.000 






Dundee, . 


. 45,000 


In England. 




Aberdeen, 


. 41,000 


London 1 c. . 


2,560.000 


Greenock, 


. 30,000 


Manchester, 






360.000 


In Ireland 


Liverpool, 






287,000 






Birmingham, 






190,000 


Dublin 1 c. . 


. 240,000 


Bristol, 






117.000 


Cork, 


. 107,000 


Leeds, 






72,000 


Belfast, . 


. 70,000 


Sheffield, 






68,000 


Limerick, 


. 67,000 


Newcastle, 






65,000 


Galway, . 


. 33,000 


Norwich, 






62,000 


Waterfbrd, 


. 30,000 


Nottingham, 






53,000 


Londondeny, . 


. 14,000 



How many Capitals and Cantons has Switzerland 1 

The Diet or Assembly of Switzerland meets in rotation at Berne, Zui'ich, 
and Lucerne. This republic consists of twenty-two cantons, confederated 
under the government of a general Diet for the common security of all. 

From what port did Columbus sail 1 
*Palos, at the mouth of the river Tinto, in Spain, is the port from which 
Columbus sailed, in 1492, on the celebrated voyage in which he discovered 
America. (See j)g. 47.) 



CAPITALS OF ISLANDS. 



What is the capital of the island of 

Islands. Capitals. 

Iceland ? Reikiavik 

West. Is. or Azores ? .... Fayal 

Majorca? . Palma 

Minorca ? Port Mahon 

Ivica? Ivica 



EUROPE. 79 

Islands. Capitals. 

Corsica ? . Ajacgio 

Malta ? . . .- La Valetta 

Candia? Candia 

Rhodes ? Rhodes 

Negropont ? Negropont 

Scio ? Scio 

Corfu? Corfu 

Paxo 1 Porto Gai 

Santa Maura ? . . . . . Santa Maura 

Ithaca ? Vathi 

Cephalonia ?...... Argostoli 

Zante ? Zante 

Cerigo ? Cerigo 



Rapid Travelling 


on the Map, by Land and Water. 


What is your course — through what countries — and over what waters 1 


From London 


. . to 


New York ? 


From New York 


. to 


Liverpool ? 


From Liverpool 


. . to 


. Malaga ? 


From Malaga . 


. . to 


. Trieste ? 


From Trieste . 


. . to 


Cairo ? 


From Cairo 


. . to 


. Gibraltar ? 


From Gibraltar 


. . to 


Seville ? 


From Seville . 


. . to 


Madrid ? 


From Madrid . 


. . to 


Paris ? 


From Paris 


. . to 


Moscow ? 


From Moscow 


. to 


St. Petersburg ? 


From St. Petersbi 


irg to 


Dublin ? 


From Dublin . 


. to 


Amsterdam ? 


From Amsterdam 


. to . 


Cape North ? 



80 



hart's geography. 



From Cape North 


to 


Rome ? 


From Rome . . 


. to 


. Naples ? 


From Naples . . 
From Hamburg . 


to 
to 


Hamburg ? 
Berlin ? 


From Berlin . 
From Constantinople 
From Bordeaux . 


to 
to 
to 


Constantinople ? 
Bordeaux ? 
Havre ? 


From Havre . 


to 


Galway ? 


From Gal way 
From Philadelphia 


to 
to 


Philadelphia ? 
Stockholm ? 


From Stockholm 


to 


Cadiz ? 


From Cadiz . . 


to 


Florence ? 


From Florence . 


to 


Buda ? 


From Buda . . 


to 


Athens ? 


From Athens . . 


to 


Venice ? 


From Venice . . 


to 


Boston ? 


From Boston . . 


. to 


Madeira ? 


From Madeira 
From Copenhagen 


to . 
to 


Copenhagen ? 
Madeira ? 


From Madeira 


to 


New York ? 


] 


VI A P S . 





1. DraAv the outlines of the following countries upon the black board and 
slates ; insert the rivers and towns, and prepare for an examination on as 
many countries, either separately or in connection, as the teacher may direct. 

Russia . Denmark 

Norway and Sweden Germany 

Prussia Switzerland 

Austria Italy 

Holland France 

Belgium Spain and Portugal 

Turkey Great Britain and Ireland 

2. Draw the entire outline of Europe ; delineate the rivers, and insert 
the capitals, chief cities, lakes, islands, &c. ; and in recapitulating the exer- 
cises, point out the situations of all the civil and natural divisions. 

3. Delineate the N. and S. coasts of the Mediterranean Sea ; mark the 
countries on its borders, and insert all the islands. 

4. Construct the map of Europe upon paper, and letter and color it 
under the direction of the teacher. 



ASIA 



82 



OBJECTS OF NATURAL, HISTORY TECULIAR TO ASIA. 




Arabian Courser. 




Khinoceros. 




Elephant. 



-?35te| 




Boa Constrictor. 




Camel. 




Tiircr. 





Dromedary. 




Leopard. 




Pheasant. 



Peacock. 



ASIA. 83 



MAP OF ASIA. 

Point to the map of Asia ? 

Where is Asia ? 

What are the boundaries of Asia ? 

What is the longitude of the Eastern ex- 
tremity ? 

5. What is the longitude of the Western ? 

What is the latitude of the Northern ex- 
tremity ? 

What is the latitude of the Southern ? 

Point out the countries of Asia ? 

What are the boundaries of — 
Siberia or Asiatic ) Arabia ? 
Russia ? \ Persia ? 

Chinese Empire ? Hindoo-stan ? 

Independent or ) Birman Empire ? 
Western Tartary ? ) Empire of Japan ? 
Turkey ? Afghani-stan ? 

20. What country forms the Northern part ? 

What countries form the Eastern part ? 

What country forms the Central part ? 

What countries form the Western part ? 

What countries form the Southern part ? 

25. In what zones does Asia lie ? 

What countries of Asia are in each of those 
zones ? 

Which is the largest Asiatic island ? 

What group of Asiatic islands are denominated 
the Fifth Grand Division of the globe ? 

(See Islands and Map of the Pacific Ocean.) 



84 

What three principal islands form the empire 
of Japan ? 

The empire of Japan consists of the islands of Niphon, Ximo or Kiusiu, 
and Sikoke. 

30. What is the capital of each political divi- 
sion of Asia? {See Cities.) 

Where are those capitals situated ? 

Which are the two largest countries of Asia ? 

How much of Asia belongs to Russia ? 

{One-third.) 

How much forms the Chinese empire ? 

{One-third.) 

35. How much remains for the rest of Asia ? 

What seas in Asia are properly lakes ? 

What rivers are tributary to the sea of Aral ? 

What quality is peculiar to the waters of the 
Caspian and Aral ? {Salt.) 

In what direction does Asia lie from the other 
grand divisions of the globe ? 

40. What is the length of Asia from West to 
East ? (7,500 miles.) 

What is its breadth from North to South ? 

(5,250 miles.) 

What are the natural boundaries of Asia on 
the West ? 

What part of Asia is called India ? {Southern.) 

What country is called India within the Bur- 
rampooter ? {Hindoo-stan.) 

45. What country is called India beyond the 
Burrampooter ? {Birmah, fyc.) 

What are the principal islands of the Oriental 
Archipelago ? {See map of the Pacific.) 



ASIA. 85 

What are the principal islands of Austral-Asia ? 

What are the principal islands of the Poly- 
nesia ? (See Islands and Map of the Pacific.) 

What are nearly all the Asiatic Islands you 
have named, sometimes improperly called ? 

Oceanica and Malaysia. The use of these names leads to confusion of 
Geographical terms, and they are therefore not adopted by good Geo- 
graphers. 

50. What countries of Asia are peninsulas ? 

Which is the largest peninsula attached to 
Asia ? (Africa.) 

By what isthmus is Africa joined to Asia ? 

How wide is it ? (60 miles.) 

What isthmus connects the peninsula of 
Malacca with the main land ? (Kraw.) 

55. How wide is the isthmus of Kraw ? (70 m.) 

What part of Asiatic Russia is called Sibe- 
ria ? 

That part of Asiatic Russia which lies East of the Ural Mountains, is 
called Siberia, and is divided into three great governments ; Tobolski in the 
West, Tomsk in the centre, and Irkutsk in the East. The remainder of 
Asiatic Russia lies in the vicinity of the Caspian Sea, and its two principal 
governments are Astracan and Orenburg. 

Government. Population. Capitals. 



Orenburg, 1,771,000 

Tomsk, 1,077,000 

Tobolski, 685,000 

Irkutsk, 507,000 

Astracan, 259,000 



Orenburg. 

Tomsk. 

Tobolsk. 

Irkutsk. 

Astracan. 



There are forty-four millions of slaves in Asiatic and European Russia ; 
21,000,000 being the absolute property of the Emperor, and 23,000,000 the 
property of individuals. One proprietor alone possesses 110,000. 

What are the three great governments of 
Siberia ? 

What two other principal governments of 
Asiatic Russia lie near the Caspian Sea ? 

What are the capitals of the five great govern- 
ments of Asiatic Russia ? 



86 



HART'S GEOGRAPHY. 



60. What oceans are contiguous to Asia ? 

What ocean is on the North ? 

What ocean is on the South ? 

What ocean separates Asia from America ? 

How wide is the Pacific Ocean ? (10,000 m.) 

65. In what part of Asia are the highest mount- 
ains yet discovered ? {See Mountains.) 

What is the name of the range ? 

What name is given to the highest peak ? 

How high is it ? (5 miles.) 

How many peaks of the Himmaleh mountains 
are said to be upwards of 19,000 feet in 
height ? (25.) 

70. What capes are on the north of Asia ? 

What cape has the highest latitude ? 

In what part does Asia approach nearest to 
America ? 

What rivers of Asia are tributary to the Arctic 
Ocean ? 

What is the amount of population in Asia ? 

75. Which is the first city of Asia ? Where 
is it situated, and what is its population ? 





Pekin, j 


jop. 1,500,000 


The second 1 . 


Canton, 


. 1,200,000 


The third 1 . 


King-le- Ching, 


. 1,100,000 


The fourth 1 . 


Hang-cheou, 


. 1.000,000 


The fifth 1 . 


Jeddo, 


. 750,000 


The sixth! . 


Benares, 


630,000 


The seventh 1 


Meaco, 


500,000 


The eighth] . 


Nankin, . 


400,000 


The ninth! . 


Madras, . 


400,000 


The tenth 1 . 


Calcutta, . 


. 380,000 



80. In connection with the city of Jeddo, what 
have you to say in regard to the uncertainty 
of the population of other places in Asia ? 

The population of Jeddo has generally been estimated at 1.000,000. The 
Japanese stated to Golownin, who visited the empire in 1812, that it ex- 



ASIA. 87 

ceeded 10,000,000 ; that the principal streets alone contained near 800,000 
houses, averaging upwards of thirty persons each ; and that there were 
36,000 blind men in the city. It is generally stated by persons who have 
travelled through various parts of Asia, that a crowded population is ap- 
parent ; but as no two agree in the precise amount of inhabitants of any 
section of that country, it is extremely difficult to arrive at just conclusions. 
As an instance of the disagreement of travellers upon this point, it is stated, 
that Ispahan, at a recent date, contained 1,100,000 inhabitants ; Chardin, 
in 1686, gave the population at 600,000 ; Oliver, in 1796, at only 50,000 ; 
in 1800, it was stated at 100,000 ; Morier, in 1808, gave it at 400,000, but in 
his second journey at only 60,000 ! Kinneir states it at 200,000, which is 
probably more than double its present population. 

How does Asia rank in size with the other 
grand divisions of the globe ? (See Table 3.) 

How does Asia rank in population ? (See Tab. 4.) 

Which are the largest lakes in Asia ? 

Which are five of the longest rivers, and where 
do they rise and empty ? 

85. Is the Wolga an Asiatic river ? 

It is sometimes said to be entirely in Europe. Formerly it was a part of 
the boundary between Europe and Asia. 

By what seas and gulfs is the Eastern shore of 

Asia indented ? 
What waters indent the Southern shore ? 
What rivers are tributary to the waters of the 

Indian Ocean ? 
What is the extent of the imperial canal in 

China ? (650 miles.) 

90. What artificial boundary has China on the 

North ? 

The great wall which bounds China Proper on the North, is a most stu- 
pendous work of art. It was built by the Chinese, 214 years before the 
Christian era, to prevent the incursions of the Tartars, and extends 1,250 
miles, over mountains and rivers. 

What is the extent of the great wall ? 
For what purpose was it built ? 
What river runs through lake Baikal ? Angara. 
What name is applied to the Eastern coast of 
Hindoo-stan ? (Coromandel.) 



88 hart's geography. 

95. What to the Western ? {Malabar.) 

What are the length and breadth of New 

Holland ? (See Islands.) 

What waters will you navigate, and wdiat will 

be your courses, in passing from Suez to 

Bussorah ? From Bussorah to Jeddo ? From 

Jeddo to New York ? 
In what part of Turkey is Palestine, or the 

Holy Land ? (South- Western.) 

Where is the desert called the Steppe of 

Issim ? Cobi ? Shamo ? 
100. What part of the Chinese empire is called 

China Proper ? 
What part is called Eastern Tartary ? 
What part of the Chinese empire is called 

Thibet ? 
What are the boundaries and capital of China ? 

Of Thibet ? 
Has Eastern Tartary a distinct capital ? None. 
105. Is any city known as the capital of 

Arabia ? {No?w.) 

Which is the chief city of Arabia ? (Sana.) 

Which is the chief city of Turkey ? (Aleppo.) 
Is any city in Asia known as its capital 1 None. 
What city in Europe is the capital of Turkey 

in Asia 1 (Constantinople.) 

1 10. What other government in Asia has its 

capital in Europe ? (Russia.) 

What is the name of that capital ? 

(St. Petersburg.) 
What part of Hindoo-stan is possessed by the 

British ? 



ASIA. 



89 



What is the capital of British India ? 

{Calcutta.) 
What is the nominal capital of the interior, 
and the residence of the Great Mogul ? 

The British possess the East and West coasts of Hindoo-stan, and their 
influence extends to a considerable degree over a large part of the Penin- 
sula. They also claim Bootan and Nepaul on the Isorth, which were 
included in Thibet. The capital of the interior is Delhi, on the river 
Jurnnah. It is the residence of the Great Mogul or Emperor of India, 
whose authority, however, is merely nominal, as he is in fact reduced to 
humiliating dependence on a foreign power. 

Great Britain, under the pretence of extending civilization, but with a 
rapacity that has no parallel in modern history, has wrested the country and 
conquered 94,000,000 of the Asiatics by the cannon and the bayonet ; and 
she now contemplates a farther conquest, by the invasion of the country of 
the Afghans, for the like purpose of rendering it tributary. 

What will be your course — through what countries — and over what waters — 

Calcutta ? 
Canton ? 
Singapore ? 
Madras ? 
Suez ? 
Delhi ? 
Bagdad ? 
Ispahan ? 
Smyrna ? 
Jerusalem ? 
Tyre ? 
Mecca ? 
Jeddo ? 
Bombay ? 
Cape of Good H. ? 
Cape Horn ? 
New Holland ? 
New York ? 
Canton ? 



From Pekin . . . 


to . 


From Calcutta . . 


to . 


From Canton . . 


to . 


From Singapore 


to . 


From Madras . . 


to . 


From Suez . 


to . 


From Delhi . . . 


to . 


From Bagdad . . 


to . 


From Ispahan . . 


to . 


From Smyrna . 


to . 


From Jerusalem 


to . 


From Tyre . 


to . 


From Mecca 


to . 


From Jeddo . . 


to . 


From Bombay . . 


to . 


From Bombay . 


to . 


From Cape Horn . 


to . 


From New r Holland 


to . 


From New York . 


to . 



90 



hart's geography. 



RIVERS. 



Questions. Where do they rise ? What 
courses do they run, and through what countries ? 
Where do they empty 1 









Miles. 








Miles. 


Ohel 2,700 


Ganges'? .... 1,500 


Yenisei, 






2,600 


Burrampooter, 






1,500 


Kiang-ku, 






2.300 


Indus, 






1,200 


Amour, 






2.200 


Irrawady, . 






1,200 


Lena, . 






2,100 


Tigris, 






1,146 


Wolga, 






2,000 


Sihon, 






800 


Hoang-ho 01 


Yellow, 




2,000 


Irtish, 






640 


Euphrates, 






1,800 


Jihon, 






500 


Cambodia, 






1,700 


Oural, 






500 



SEAS, GULFS, BAYS, &c 



Questions. What shores do they indent ? To 
what large waters are they tributary ? 



Kara Sea ? 
Obe Sea ? 
Anadir ? 
Kamptshatka ? 
Okhotsk, or 

Lama Sea ? 
Japan Sea ? 
Yellow Sea ? 
Canton ? 
Tonquin ? 
China Sea ? 



Siam? 
Bengal ? 
Arabian Sea ? 
Cambay ? 
Persian ? 
Red Sea, or 

Arabian Gulf? 
Levant ? 
Carpentaria ? 
Botany ? 
Java Sea ? 



ASIA. 



91 



STRAITS. 

Questions. Between what shores are they ? 
What waters do they connect ? 



Bhering's ? 
Channel of Tartary ? 
Korea ? 
Macassar ? 
Malacca ? 
Sunda ? 
Palk's ? 



Ormus ? 
Babelmandeb ? 
Torre's ? 
Bass' ? 
Cook's ? 
Dardanelles ? 
Constantinople ? 



CAPES. 

Questions. Where are they situated? Into 
what waters do they project ? 

Tamura ? Dondra ? 

Lopatka ? York ? 

Comorin ? Wilson's Promon- > 
Ras ? tory ? ^ 

Java Head ? Maria Van Die man ? 
Pedro ? 



MOUNTAINS. 

Questions. In what directions do the ranges 
extend ? Where do they commence and terminate ? 
Where are the peaks ? What is the altitude ? 

Feet. 
Himmaleli Mountains % . . . Hindoo-stan and Thibet, . 20,000 
Dhawala-giri, or White Mountain 1 Highest Pk. of the Himrnaleh, 27,000 
Altaian chain 1 Siberia and East Tartary, . 10,000 



hart's geography. 



Avatsha 1 

Caucasian chain 1 . 
Elburus Peak 1 
Demavend Peak 1 . 
Mount Ararat 1 
Eastern Gauts 1 
Western Gauts 1 . 
Chain of Korea 1 
Kaah Mountain 1 . 
Otaheitean Peak ] . 
Mount Ophir T 
Surnatran Volcano 1 
Mount Egmont 1 . 



Feet. 
9,600 



. Volcano, Kamptshatka, 

. Russia, W. of the Caspian, 

. Highest of tlie Caucasian, . 17,000 

. Persia S. of Caspian Sea, . 10,000 

Do. W. of do. . . 9,500 

. Hind. Coromandel, . . 4,000 

. Hind. Malabar, . . 4,000 

. Korea, 4,500 

. Owyhee, . . , 18,400 

. Otaheite, . . . 10,900 

. Sumatra, .... 14,000 

Do. . ... 12,500 

. New Zealand, . . . 15,300 

What mountain is reputed to he the highest in the world 1 
Dhawala-giri, or the White Mountain, or as it is sometimes called Kan- 
tel-peak, is said to he the most lofty mountain yet discovered on the globe. 
It is, however, doubted by some authors whether the H ; mmaleh mountains 
are more elevated than the Andes of South America, as the method used to 
ascertain their altitude was of questionable accuracy. There are Twenty- 
five peaks said to be upwards of 19,000 feet high. 



LAKES 



Questions. Where are they ? What are their 
outlets ? Where do they empty ? 

Caspian Sea ? Baikal ? 

Aral Sea ? Asphaltites ? 

What peculiarities distinguish lake Asphaltites 1 

There are several names by which lake Asphaltites is distinguished ; as 
lake Bitumen, or Asphaltites, Salt Sea, lakes Sirbon, Bahheret-Lut, or sea 
of Lot, Dead Sea, and, anciently, sea of Sodom. It is situated in Palestine, 
and receives the river Jordan on the North, and several other smaller rivers ; 
but sends not, like other lakes, a tribute to the ocean. The waters of this 
lake are uncommonly transparent, and unusually salt ; sulphur and bitumen 
are found on its shores, and large quantities of asphaltum, or mineral pitch, 
float on its surface. This celebrated sea has recently been thoroughly ex- 
plored by an American exploring party, under the command of Lieut. Lynch 
of the U. S. Navy. 



ASIA. 93 



PENINSULAS. 

Questions. From what part of the country do 
they project ? What waters embrace them ? In 
what capes do they terminate ? 

Kamptshatka ? Malacca '? 

Korea ? Hindoo-stan ? 

Birmah, &c. ? Arabia ? 



ISLANDS. 

Questions, hi what directions are they situa- 
ted from the nearest coast ? What waters sur- 
round them ? To what clusters do they belong ? 

(See Map of the Pacific Ocean.) 

Aleutian Group or ) Lekoo or Loochoo ? 

Fox Islands or > Formoso ? 

Northern Arcbip. ? S Macao ? 

Oonalaska 1 Hainan ? 

Bhering's ? Mergui's Archipel. ? 

Kurile Group ? Andaman Group ? 

Tchoka or Seg- ) Great Andaman ? 



halien ? ) Little Andaman ? 

Jesso ? Nicobar Group ? I | 

Japan Empire 1 Ceylon ? 

Niphon ? Lacadive Group ? 

Sikoke ? Maldive Group ? 

Ximo or Kiusiu ? Socotra ? 
Leoo-Keoo Group ? 



94 



HART'S GEOGRAPHY. 



ORIENTAL ARCHIPELAGO. 



(See Map of the Pacific Ocean.) 



Borneo ? 

Philipine Group ? 
Luzon or Luconia ? 
Magindanao ? 
Palawan ? 
Celebesian Group ? 
Celebes, or Ma- 
cassar ? 



Moluccas, or 

Spice Islands ? 
Gilolo ? 

Sunda Group, or ) 
Sumatran Chain ? J 
Sumatra ? 
Banca ? 
Java ? 



What remarkable tree was reported to grow in the Island of Java ? 

The Upas or Poison Tree, was said to grow in the centre of the island of 
Java, and to destroy, by its noxious effluvia, all animal and vegetable life, 
for twelve miles round it. It is ascertained, however, that this tree does not 
exist, and consequently the account of it, originally published in Holland in 
1780, proves to be an imposture. 



AUSTRAL-ASIA. 



This division of the Asiatic Islands is called the 

FIFTH GRAND DIVISION OF THE GLOBE. 

(See Map of the Pacific Ocean.) 

New Holland or ) New Britain ? 

i^ustralia ? > 

2,000 by 2,700 miles. S 
Papua or N. Guinea ? 
Van Die man's land ? 
New Ireland ? 



New Georgia or 

Solomon's ? 
New Hebrides ? 
New Caledonia ? 
New Zealand ? 



ASIA. 



95 



POLYNESIA, 



THE REGION OF MANY ISLANDS 



(See Map of the Pacific Ocean.) 



Caroline Group ? 
Pelew Group ? 
Navigator's Group ? 
Friendly Isles ? 
Society Group ? 
Otaheite ? 



Laclrone Group ? 
Sandwich Group ? 
Owyhee ? 
Marquesas Group ? 
Madison's or 
Nooaheva ? 



CITIES AND TOWNS. 



Questions. In what governments are they ? 
How situated, on rivers or inland? In what 
direction do they lie from leddo ? From Aleppo ? 
From Cape Comorin ? From Cape Tamura ? 



In Russia. 


Pop. 


In Japan. 


Pop. 


Astracan 1 c. . 




. 31,000 


Jeddo 1 c. 


750,000 


Orenburg, c . . 




. 20,000 


Meaco, 


500,000 


Tobolsk, c. . 




. 15,000 


Nangasacki, 


50,000 


Irkutsk, c. 




. 15.000 






Tomsk, c. 




. io;ooo 


In Birmah. 




In China. 




Umerapoora 1 . 


. 50,000 


Pekin 1 c. . 

Canton, 

King-le-Ching, 




1,500.000 
1,200,000 
1,100,000 


Rangoon, . 
Ava, c. . 
Pegu, 
Aracan, 
Prorue, 


. 40.000 
. 30,000 
. 10,000 
. 8,000 
5,000 


Hang-Cheou, 
Nankin, 




i,ooo;ooo 

400,000 


In Chinise 


Tartar y. 


In Hindoo-stoM. 




Cashgar 1 . 




. 24,000 


Benares 1 
Madras, . 


630,000 
400,000 


In Tlxihet. 




Calcutta, c. . 


380,000 








Patna, . 


300,000 


Lassa 1 




. 24,000 


Bombay, . 


230,000 



96 



HART'S GEOGRAPHY. 



In Hindoo-stan. 



Delhi, 

Lucknow, 

Dacca, 

Hyderabad, 

Surat, 



In Sia?n. 
Bang-Ivor 1 c. 



In Anam. 



Sai-gon 1 
Kesho, 
Hue, c. 



Pop. 

200,000 
200,000 
200,000 
200,000 
157,000 



50,000 



180,000 

150,000 

60,000 



In Independent Tartary. 



Bokhara 1 c. 

Samarcand, 

Balk, 



In Persia. 



Ispahan 1 
Teheran, c. . 
Meshed, . 
Tauris or Tabriz, 
Shiraz, 



150,000 

10,000 

2,000 



100,000 
70,000 
50,000 
30,000 
20,000 



In Turkey. 



Damascus 1 
Smyrna, . 
Aleppo, 
Bagdad, . 
Bussorah, 
Hamah, . 
Diarbekir, 
Mosul, . 
Erzeroum, 



In Arabia 



Sana 1 

Mecca, 

Medina, 

Judda, 

Mocha, 



In Afghanistan. 



Cabul 1 c. 
Candahar, 
Peshawar, . 
Herat. 



In Beloochi-stan. 



Pop. 

120,000 
120,000 
70,000 
70,000 
60,000 
44,000 
40,000 
35,000 
20,000 



40,000 

28,000 

18,000 

5,000 

5,000 



60,000 
50,000 
50,000 
45,000 



Kelaf? .... 20,000 



What remarks have you to make on the two countries, Afghani-stan and 
Beloochi-stan 1 

Cabul is said to be the capital of a modern kingdom, called Cabuli-stan, 
or Afghani-stan, or Candahar. The limits of this doubtful kingdom are not 
well defined, but it is said to comprise the Eastern part of Persia, the 
North- Western part of Hindoo-stan, and the Southern part of Independent 
Tartary. 

Another doubtful modern kingdom, Beloochi-stan, like Cabul, is so little 
understood, and so uncertain in its governments, that it is hardly worth our 
while to give it a locality on maps or a name in books. 

(The word "Stan," signifying Country, should be pronounced distinctly.) 



CAPITALS OF ISLANDS. 



What is the capital of the island of % 

Islands. Capitals. 

Luzon ? Manilla 

Magindanao 1 Magindanao 

Borneo ? . Borneo 

Celebes ? Macassar 



ASIA. 97 

\ Islands. Capitals. 

Ceylon ? ....... Columbo 

Sumatra ? Acheen 

Java. ? Batavia 

New Holland ? Sydney 

Vaa Dieman's Land ? ... Hobart Town 

Socotra ? Tamarida 

Sandwich Islands ? . . . . Honololu 



PvAPID TRAVELLING 


on the Map, by Land and Water. 


What is your course — through what countries— 


-and over -what waters 1 


From Asia . . . 


. to . 


America ? 


From America 


. to . 


Asia ? 


From Asia . . . 


. to . 


Austral- Asia 1 


From N Holland 


. to . 


England ? 


From England 


. to . 


Mecca ? 


From Mecca . 


. to . 


. Jerusalem ? 


From Jerusalem 


. to . 


. Rome ? 


From Rome 


. to . 


. Venice ? 


From Venice 


. to . 


Lyons ? 


From Lyons 


. . to . 


Dead Sea ? 


From Dead Sea . 


. to . 


Acre ? 


From Acre 


. . to . 


. Suez ? 


From Suez 


. to . 


Trebizond ? 


From Trebizond 


. to . 


Borneo ? 


From Borneo . 


. to . 


. Nankin ? 


From Nankin 


. to . 


. Thibet ? 


From Thibet . 


. . to . 


Samarcand 1 


From Samarcand 


. to . 


Smyrna ? 


From Smyrna 


. to . 


Bokhara ? 


From Bokhara 


. to . 


Teheran ? 



98 hart's 


GEOGRAPHY 


• 


From Teheran 


to . . 


Medina? 


From Medina 


to . . 


C. of Good K? 


From Cape Town 


to . . 


Honololu ? 


From Honololu . 


to . . 


C. Comorin? 


From C. Comorin 


to . . 


Peru ? 


From Peru 


to . . 


Gallipagos Is '* 


From Gallipagosls. 


to . . 


J. Fernanles- 


From Juan Fern'ds. 


to . . 


Cape Horn ? 


From Cape Horn 


to . . 


Rio Janeiro ? 


From Rio Janeiro 


to . . 


Rhodes 1 


From Rhodes 


to . . 


Paris ? 


From Paris . , 


to . . 


Lyons ? 


From Lyons . . 


to . . 


Aix? 


From Aix . . . 


to . . 


Liverpool ? 


From Liverpool . 


to . . 


China? 


From China . . 


to . . 


Philadelphia ? 


From Philadelphia 


to . . . 


New York ? 




MAPS. 








1. Construct maps of the following countries upon the black board and 
slates ; insert the rivers, towns, mountains, lakes, &e. ; mark down the 
adjacent islands, and prepare for recapitulation. 

Siberia, Western Tartary. 

Chinese Empire, Turkey, 

Birmah, icith ) Persia, 

Tonquin, &c. $ Arabia, 

Hindoo-stan. Japan Empire. 

2. Project the whole map of Asia ; insert the boundaries of the political 
divisions, rivers, capitals, chief towns, &c. 

3. Construct maps of the following clusters of islands : — 

Oriental Archipelago, 
Austral- Asia, 
Polynesia. 

4. Construct the following maps upon paper, and letter and color them : 

Asia, 

Oriental Archipelago, } Together with the Asiatic 
Austral-Asia, > and American coasts on the 

Polynesia, *) Pacific. 



AFRICA 



100 



OBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY PECULIAR TO AFRICA. 





Hippopotamus 




Zebra. 





Crocodile. 




Common Monkey. 





Porcupine. 



Baboon. 





Ostrich. 



Orang-outang. 



AFRICA. 101 



MAP OF AFRICA. 

Point to the map of Africa ? 
Where is Africa ? 
What natural division is it ? 
What are its boundaries ? 
Into what grand divisions may Africa be sub- 
divided ? 
5. What countries form the Northern part ? 
What countries form the Western part ? 
What countries form the Southern part ? 
What countries form the Eastern part ? 
What countries form the Central part ? 



NORTHERN AFRICA. 

10. What are the boundaries and capital of — 

Countries. Capitals. 

Morocco ? Morocco. 

Algeria ? Algiers. 

Tunis ? Tunis. 

Tripoli ? ........ Tripoli. 

Barca 1 Derne. 

Fezzan ? Mourzouk. 

Egypt ? Cairo. 

WESTERN AFRICA. 

1 5. What are the boundaries and capital of— 

Countries. Capitals. 

Country of Foulahs, &c. ? . . . Goumel, fyc. 

Foota Jallo ? Teemboo. 



102 hart's geography. 

Countries. Capitals. 

Sierra Leone ? . . . . Free Town. 

Liberia ? Monrovia. 

Ashantee ? Coomassie. 

Dahomey ? Abomey. 

Benin ? Benin. 

Biafra ? . . . . . . . Biafra. 

Loango ? Loango. 

Congo ? St. Salvador. 

Angola? St.PauldeLoando. 

Benguela ? Benguela. 

Zimbebas? (Desert,) . . 



SOUTHERN AFRICA. 



30. What are the boundaries and capital of — 

Countries. Capitals. 

Hotentot Country ? Letakoo. 

Colony of the Cape ) „ T 

of Good Hope? 5 " * * • Lape 10Wn ' 

CafTraria? Port Natal. 



EASTERN AFRICA. 

35. What are the boundaries and capital of — 

Countries. Capitals. 

Mocaranga or Mo- ) ~ . -, 

^ o > . . . . Zimbao. 

nomotapa I ) 

Mozambique ? Mozambique. 

Quiloa ? Quiloa. 

Melinda? Melinda. 

Magadoxo ?...-... Magadoxo. 



AFRICA. 103 

Countries. Capitals. 

Ajan ? Ajan. 

Berbera ? Berbera. 

Adel? Add. 

Abyssinia? Gondar. 

Nubia ? Senaar. 



CENTRAL AFRICA. 

45. What are the boundaries and capital of— 

Countries. Capitols. 

Za'ara, or The ) 

Great Desert ? £ 
Bornou ? ......... Bornou. 

Begherme ? Begherme. 

Bergoo ? Wara. 

Darfur ? Cobbe. 

Houssa ? ......... Houssa. 

Timbuctoo ? Timbuctoo. 

Bambarra ? Sego. 

Soudan, or Nigritia ? (Regions 

K of the M'is. of the Moon.) 
Ethiopia ? {Regions S. of the 

Mountains of the Moon.) 

55. In what direction does Africa lie from the 

other quarters of the globe ? 
In what direction from the United States of 

North America ? 
What are the four extremities of Africa ? 
What is the lengh of Africa from Cape Serrel 

in the North, to Cape Aguillas in the South ? 

(4,980 miles.) 



104 

What is its breadth from Cape Verde in the 

West, to Cape Guardafui in the East ? 

(4,500 miles.) 
60. In how many zones does Africa lie ? 
Through what part of Africa does the Equator 

pass ? 
Which is the largest island near Africa ? 
What clusters of islands lie off the North-West 

coast of Africa ? 
How is Africa separated from Europe ? 
65. At what place do they approach nearest 1 
What towns in Europe and Africa are nearest 

each other ? {Gibraltar and Ceuta.) 

What neck of land prevents Africa from being 

an island 1 
What sea lies between Africa and Arabia ? 
What is the extent of the great desert of 

Zaara from East to West ? (3,000 miles.) 

70. What is its extent from North to South ? 

(1,000 miles.) 
What countries are comprehended under the 

name of Sene" Gambia ? 

The countries included between the rivers Senegal and Gambia, inhabited 
by the Foulah, Jaloff, and many other distinct nations, are distinguished by 
the general name of Scne-Gambia. 

Among what mountains do the rivers Senegal, 
Gambia, and Niger rise ? {Kong.) 

What mountains in Africa gave name to the 
Atlantic ocean ? {Atlas.) 

How wide is the Atlantic Ocean ? (3,000 m.) 

75. What river passes through lake Dembea 1 

{Blue.) 






AFRICA. 105 

What rivers empty into the Gulf of Guinea ? 

What is that part of Egypt called which is 
embraced by the mouths of the Nile ? Delta. 

Sailing down the Nile from the 20th degree of 
North latitude, what towns do you pass ? 

Starting from Cairo, by what waters and 
courses will you reach the city of New- 
York ? 

80. By what waters and courses will you pro- 
ceed from Tripoli to Suez ? 

What cities do you find on the northern coast 
of Africa ? 

What lakes are in Africa ? (See Lakes.) 

Is Cape Serrel or Cape Bon the more north- 
erly ? 

Is the Cape of Good Hope or Cape Aguillas 
the more southerly ? 

85. What chains of mountains extend through 
the centre of Africa ? 

What rivers empty into the Atlantic Ocean ? 

What cluster of islands do you find in the 
channel of Mozambique ? 

What islands lie East of Madagascar ? 

What is the amount of population in Africa ? 

90. How does Africa rank in size with the 
other grand divisions of the globe ? How 
in population ? (See Tables 3 and 4.) 

What river in America has the same parallel 
of latitude with the Cape of Good Hope ? 

Which is the first city of Africa ? Where is it 
situated, and what is the amount of its 
population ? 



106 



The second 1 . 

The third I . 

The fourth 1 . 

The fifth 1 . 

The sixth 1 . 
The seventh 1 

The eighth 1 . 

The ninth ? . 

The tenth 1 . 



HART'S GEOGRAPHY. 



Cairo, . 

Tunis, 

Mequinez, 

Fez, 

Morocco, 

Alexandria, 

Algiers, 

Damietta, 

Tripoli, 

Constantia, 



Pop. 

240,000 
120,000 
100,000 
88,000 
80,000 
40,000 
40,000 
30.000 
25,000 
25,000 



100. Where is the desert of Cimbebas ? 

What channel separates the island of Mada- 
gascar from the main ? 

How wide is the channel of Mozambique ? 

(270 miles.) 

What rivers form the head branches of the 
Nile? 

What cities are situated at the mouths of the 
Nile? 

105. How many and what islands compose the 
cluster of the Cape Verde ? (See Hands.) 

How many and what islands form the 
Comora ? 

How many and what islands form the 
Canary ? 

How many and what islands form the Madei- 
ra ? 

Where is the point on the map of Africa which 
has neither longitude nor latitude ? 

110. Why? 

Point to the prominent capes on all the coasts 
of Africa, and name them. 

What capes are on the island of Mada- 
gascar ? 

What mountains are in Madagascar ? 

What mountains are in Southern Africa ? 



AFRICA. 107 

115. In latitude 20° South, and longitude 
5° West, are you on land or sea, and what 
will be your direct course to the Cape of 
Good Hope ? 

In latitude 25° North, and longitude 5° East, 
where are you ? 

From that point, what would be the direct 
course of a caravan to the town of Nun ? 

What are the great features of Africa ? 

{Deserts.) 

What countries border on the Red Sea ? 

120. How is the coast of Guinea divided ? 

What mountains in Africa are the most ele- 
vated 1 (See Mountains.) 

What is the altitude of the mountains of 
Geesh? 

What are the length and breadth of Madagas- 
car ? (See Islands.) 

How does it rank among the large islands of 
the world? (Third.) 

125. Where is lake of Tchad ? 

What river flows into it ? 

What is the course of the Niger, and where 
does it empty ? 

Up to what year was the course of that river a 
mystery ? (1830.) 

Point to the island of St. Helena, and say for 
what it is celebrated ? (See Islands.) 

130. Where is the land of Hotentots ? 

Where is Nigritia, or land of Negroes ? 

Where is Liberia, or the republic of blacks 1 

What course is it from Liberia to New York ? 



108 



hart's geography. 



RIVERS. 



Questions. Where do they rise? What 
courses do they run, and through what countries ? 
Where do they empty ? 



Nile, and its head 1 
White, or Bahr-el-Abiad, 
Blue, or Bahr-el-Azrek, 
Tecazze, 
Niger, 



Miles. 

2,500 



2,000 



Senegal 1 
Orange, 
Gambia, 
Zaire, or Congo, 
Yeou, . 



Miles. 

1,000 
900 
700 



SEAS, GULFS, BAYS, &c. 



Questions. What shores do they indent ? To 
what larger waters are they tributary ? 

Mediterranean Sea ? Benin ? 

Sidra ? Arabian Gulf, or 

Guinea ? Red Sea ? 

Bight of Biafra ? Delagoa ? 



STRAITS. 



Questions. Between what shores are they? 
What waters do they connect ? 

Gibraltar ? Mozambique ? Babelmandeb ? 



AFRICA. 



109 



CAPES. 



Questions. 


JVhere 


are they ? Int 


waters do they project ? 




Bon? 




Good Hope ? 


Serrel ? 




Aguillas 1 


Spartel ? 




Natal ? 


Blanco ? 




Corrientes ? 


Verde ? 




Delgado ? 


Palmas ? 




Guardafui ? 


Negro ? 




Ambro ? 


Voltes ? 




St. Mary ? 



wvto 



MOUNTAINS. 



Questions. In what directions do the ranges 
extend ? Where do they commence and terminate ? 
Where are the veaks ? What is the altitude ? 



Gee3h Mountains 1 ... 


Abyssinia, . 


Atlas Chain 1 . 


Morocco, 


Kong Mountains 1 . 
Mountains of the Moon % 


Central Africa, 
Do. . 


Lupata Mountains 1 
Brenas Mountains 1 


Eastern Africa, 
Soutlwrn Africa 


Nieuwveld, or Snowy Mountains 1 
Peak of Teneriffe 1 
Ked Mountains % . 


Do. 

Teneriffe, 
Madagascar, 



Feet. 

15,000 

12.50'.i 



10,000 
12,300 
11,000 



110 



HART'S geography. 



LAKES. 

Questions. Where are they ? What are their 
outlets ? Where do they empty ? 

Dibbe ? Bahr-Heimed ? 

Fittre ? Bahr-Dwi ? 

Dembea ? Tchad ? 
Maravi ? 



ISLANDS. 



Questions. In 
ted from the near 
round them ? 

The Delta ? 
Madeira Group ? 
Madeira 1 
Porto Santo ? 
Canary Group? 
Teneriffe ? 
Fuert^- Ventura ? 
Grand Canary ? 
Palma ? 
Lancerota ? 
Gomera ? 
Ferro ? 

Cape Verde Gr. ? 
St. Iago ? 
St. Vincent ? 
St. Lucia ? 
St. Nicholas ? 



what directions are they situa- 
est coast ? What waters sur- 



Sal? 

Bonavista ? 
Mayo ? 
Fogo ? 
Brava ? 
St. Helena ? 
Madagascar ? 

900 miles by 200. 
Bourbon ? 
Mauritius or Isle 

of France ? 
Co mora Group ? 
Comora ? 
Mohilla ? 
Joanna ? 
Mayotta ? 






AFRICA. 



Ill 



For what is the island of Ferro distinguished 1 

The French and English Geographers formerly reckoned longitude from 
the meridian of the Western extremity of Ferro ; but latterly they have 
adopted the meridians which pass through the capitals of their respective 
countries. The first meridian was established in Ferro, as early as the time 
of Hipparchus, the Astronomer, B. C. 140. 

For what is the island of St. Helena celebrated 1 

The island of St. Helena, unimportant in itself, is forever rendered cele- 
brated by its being the prison of Napoleon, Emperor of France, after his 
abdication, and also the place of his death. He was banished to that 
island in 1815, while claiming the protection of England as the " most 
generous of his enemies ;" and, after six years imprisonment, he expired 
there in 1821. For this treatment of a fallen warrior, certainly the most 
distinguished hero the world ever saw, history has set its mark of disappro- 
bation upon England and her king. Mc Culloch very justly observes, that 
" The sending of Napoleon to St. Helena, and his treatment while there, 
constitute the most discreditable chapter in the history of modern royalty." 
The body of Napoleon, after lying in a humble grave near his prison house 
for nineteen years, was carried to France in 1840, and buried by his country- 
men with great pomp and solemnity. 



CITIES AND TOWNS. 



Questions. Where are they ? How situa- 
ted — on rivers, or inland ? What direction from 
Cairo ? From Cape of Good Hope ? From 
Cape Verde ? 



In Morocco. 


Pop. 


In Egypt. 


Pop 


Mequinez 1 


100,000 


Cairo'? c. . 


240,000 


Fez, . . . 


88,000 


Alexandria, 


40,000 


Morocco, c. . 


80,000 


Damietta, 


30,000 


Mogadore, 


10.000 


Suez, .... 


1,500 


Tangier, . 


10,000 






In Algeria. 




In Nubia. 




Algiers 1c. 


40,000 


SenaarI c. . 





Constantia, 


25,000 


In Abyssinia. 




In Txmis. 
Tunis'? c. . 


120,000 


GONDAR 1 C. . 


10,000 


In Tripoli. 




In Cape Colony. 




Tripoli 1 c. . 


25,000 


Cape Town 1 c. . 


20,000 


Cabcs, 


20,000 


In Sierra Leone. 




In Barca. 








Derne 1c. 





Free Town 1 c. . 


15,000 


In Fez z an. 




In Liberia. 




MoURZOUK 1c. 


2,500 


Monrovia 1c. 


2,000 



112 



CAPITALS, &c. OF ISLANDS. 

Islands. Capitals. 

Madeira '? Funchal. 

Grand Canary ? .... Palmasr;;- Canary. 

TenerifFe ? Santa Cruz. 

St. lago '? . . . . . . Porto Pray a. 

St. Helena ? Jamestown. 

Mauritius ? Port Louis. 






MAPS. 

1. Draw the outline of Africa upon the black board and slates ; insert the 
boundaries, rivers, and chief towns, and mark down the adjacent islands. 

2. Draw the map of Africa upon paper, and letter and color it. 

3. Project the map of the Eastern Hemisphere upon paper, and letter 
and color it. 

4. Project the map of the World, and finish it by lettering and coloring, 
under the direction of the teacher. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



114 



MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 



Will you give a general description of the State of New York 1 

The State of New York holds the most 
elevated rank in the Union, in political 
importance, wealth, population, and public 
improvements ; in every natural as well as 
artificial advantage for agricultural and manu- 
facturing industry ; in commercial enterprise ; 
and in the general diffusion of education and 
intelligence among the inhabitants. 

What was the amount of population in the State of New York, by the 
census of 1850 1 

3,097,098 ; being about one-seventh of the 
whole number of inhabitants in the United 
States. 

How many Counties are in the State of New York ; and how are they 
divided 1 

There are fifty-nine Counties in the State, 
which according to the Constitution of 1846, 
are divided into thirty-two " Senate Districts," 
each of which elects a State-Senator. 

Will you name the Districts, and point out the Counties on the Map 1 



Dist. Counties. 

1. — Suffolk, Richmond and Queens. 
2.— King's. 

3.— Several Wards of the City of New York. 
4. — Several Wards of the City of New York. 
5.— Several Wards of the City of New York. 
6.— Several Wards of the City of New York. 
7. — Westchester, Putnam and Rockland. 
8. — Dutchess and Columbia. 
9. — Orange and Sullivan. 
JO. — Ulster and Greene. 






NEW YORK. 



115 



Dist. Counties. 

11. — Albany and Schenectady. 

12. — Rensselaer. 

13. — Washington and Saratoga. 

14. — Warren, Essex and Clinton. 

15. — St. Lawrence and Franklin. 

16. — Herkimer, Hamilton, Fulton and Montgomery. 

17. — Schoharie and Delaware. 

18. — Otsego and Chenango. 

19.— Oneida. 

20. — Madison and Oswego. 

21. — Jefferson and Lewis. 

22. — Onondaga. 

23. — Cortland, Broome and Tioga. 

24. — Cayuga and Wayne. 

25. — Tompkins, Seneca and Yates. 

26. — Steuben and Chemung. 

27. — Monroe. 

28. — Orleans, Genesee and Niagara. 

29. — Ontario and Livingston. 

30. — Allegany and Wyoming. 

31.— Erie. 

32. — Chatauque and Cattaraugus. 



CITIES, COUNTY TOWNS, &C. 



Questions. In what counties are they ? On 
what waters ? In what direction from New York ? 
From Albany ? 

Example. — New York ? — It constitutes the County of New York — at 
the confluence of the Hudson and East Rivers — South of Albany, &c. 



- 


Counties. 


Pop. 


County Towns. 


1 


New York, .... 


515,394 


New York. 


2 


King's, . 








138,899 


Brooklyn. 


3 


Erie, 








101,112 


Buffalo. 


4 


Oneida, . 








99,818 


Utica. Rome. 


5 


Albany, . 








93,297 


Albany. 


6 


Monroe, . 








87,338 


Rochester. 


7 


Onondaga, 








85,900 


Syracuse. (Salina.) 


8 


Rensselaer, 








73,435 


Troy. 


9 


St. Lawrence, 








68,634 


Ogdensburg. Canton. 


10 


Jefferson, 








68,156 


Watertown. 


11 


Steuben, . 








63,785 


Bath. 


12 


Oswego, . 








62,150 


Oswego. Pulaski. 


13 


Ulster, 








59,959 


Kingston. 



116 



hart's geography. 



m 






1 


3 
7? 


Counties. 


Pop 


County Towns. 
I 


14 


Dutchess, .... 


58,994 


Poughkeepsie. 


15 


Westchester, . 








58,267 


White Plains. Bedford. 


16 


Orange, . 








57,164 


Newburg. Goshen. 


17 


Cayuga, . 








55,489 


Auburn. 


18 


Chatauque, 








50,624 


MayviHe. 


19 


Otsego, . 








48,740 


Cooperstown. 


20 


Saratoga, 








45,620 


Ballstown Spa. 


21 


Wayne, . 








44,967 


Lyons. 


22 


Washington, . 








44,761 


Sandy-Hill. Salem. 


23 


Ontario, . 








43,978 


Canandaigua. 


24 


Madison, 








43,081 


Morrisville. 


25 


Columbia, 








43,014 


Hudson. 


26 


Niagara, 








42,224 


Lockport. 


27 


Livingston, 








40,887 


Genesee. 


28 


Chenango, 








40,313 


Norwich. 


29 


Clinton, . 








40.000 


Plattsburg. 


30 


Delaware, 








39^72 


Delhi. 


33 


Cattaraugus, . 








38,910 


Ellicottville. 


32 


Tompkins, 








38,749 


Ithaca. 


33 


Herkimer, 








38,257 


Herkimer. 


34 


Allegany, 








37,600 


Angelica. 


35 


Queen's, . 








37,042 


Hempstead. 


m 


Suffolk, . 








36,826 


Riverhead. 


37 


Greene, . 








34,124 


Catskill. 


38 


Schoharie, 








33,537 


Schoharie. 


39 


Wyoming, 








32,123 


Warsaw. 


40 


Montgomery, . 








31,913 


Fonda. 


11 


Essex, 








31,203 


Elizabethtown. 


42 


Broome, . 








30,660 


Binghamton. 


43 


Chemung, 








28,964 


Elmira. 


44 


Genesee, . 








28,538 


Batavia. 


45 


Orleans, . 








28,464 


Albion. 


46' 


Seneca, (Senoka,) 








25,442 


Ovid. Waterloo. 


47 


Tioga, 








25,384 


Owego. 


48 


Franklin, 




, 




25,115 


Malone. 


49 


Sullivan, 








25,090 


Monticello. 


50 


Cortland, 








25,058 


Cortland. 


51 


Lewis, 








24,570 


Martinsburg. 


52 


Yates, 








20,590 


Penn-Yan. 


53 


Fulton, . 








20,158 


Johnstown. 


54 


Schenectady, . 








20,057 


Schenectady. 


55 


Warren, . 








17.159 


Caldwell. 


56 


Rockland, 








16,965 


Clarkstown, (N. City Vil.) 


57 


Richmond, 








15,066 


Richmond. 


58 


Putnam, . 








14,134 


Carmel. 


50 


Hamilton, 








2,188 


Lake-Pleasant. 



Total in 1850, .... 
Population, in 1840, 

Gain in ten years, (27 per cent.) 



3.099.249 
2,429,550 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



117 



11 New York, 


. 516,000 


2jBrooklyn, . 


. 98,000 


3jAlbany, c. 


. 51,000 


4 Buffalo, 


. 42,000 


5; Rochester, . 


. 37,000 


6iWilliamsburg, 


. 31,000 


TlTroy, . 


. 29,000 



How many Cities and Towns are there in the 

State of New York, which have a population 

of over 10,000? 
Will you name and point them out on the 

map ; and mention their situation, and 

population in round numbers ? 

Pop. Pop. 

8jSyracuse, . . . 22,000 

9 Oswego, . . . 22,000 

lOlUtica, .... 18,000 

lllPoughkeepsie, . . 14,000 

12jLockport, . . . 12,000 

ISNewburg, . . . 11,009 

14!Kingstou, . . . 10,233 
(See page 48, for other New York Cities and Towns.) 

How many inhabitants were in those fourteen 
Cities and Towns in 1850 ? (913,000.; 

How many of the States have a smaller popu- 
lation than those fourteen New York Cities 
combined ? 23.— {See Table 7.) 

What is the original and proper name of 
New York City ? (Manhattan.) 

Is it desirable that the name of New York City should be restored to that 
of Manhattan 1 

The restoration to its original name of Manhattan, -would be but an act 
of justice to History, as well as to the inhabitants of that ancient city, im- 
properly named after the meanest of the kings of England — the Duke of 
York, afterwards James II., who was expelled from his kingdom for mis- 
conduct, by his own people, and was succeeded by William, of Holland, — 
the country of the first enterprising discoverers and settlers of Manhattan. 



I VE RS. 



Questions. Where do they rise 1 What 
general courses do they run ? Through what 
counties ? Where do they empty ? 

Example. — Hudson? — Formed between the Counties of Warren and 
Saratoga, by the union of the Sacondago with a stream called the North 



118 



HART'S GEOGRAPHY. 



Branch of the Hudson ; thence it runs a short distance to Sandy-Hill ; then 
it takes a South course and flows into New York Bay. 



The Great North, 

or Hudson ? 
East ? (Strait.) 
Mohawk ? 

Senoka, or Oswego ? 
Genesee ? 
Tonewanda ? 
Salmon ? 
St. Regis ? 
Raquet ? 



La Grasse ? 
Black ? 

St. Lawrence ? 
Niagara ? 
Tioga ? 
Saranac ? 
Au Sable ? 
Sacondago ? 
Susquehannah ? 
Delaware ? 



Questions. 
their outlets, ? 
waters ? 



Where are they ? What are 
Where do they discharge their 



Example. — Chatauque ? — In the centre of Chatauque County ; an out- 
let leaves it on the South-East, and its waters are discharged into Cone- 
wango Creek ; thence into the Allegany River. 

Miles. 



Erie 1 
Ontario'? . 
Champlain 1 
Cayuga'? . 
Seneca ! (Senoka,) 
George 1 . 
Oneida 1 . 



250 


files 

by 


45 


195 


% 


43 


110 


by 


10 


38 


by 


4 


35 


by 


4 


33 


!>y 


2 


20 


by 


3£ 



Chatauque 1 
Crooked 1 ? . 
Otsego 1 . 
Skaneateles 1 
Canandaigua 1 
Owasco 1 



18 by 3 
18 by Ik 
9 by 2 
15 by U 
14 by 1 
11 by 2 



ISLANDS . 



Questions. Where are they ? 
surround them ? 



What waters 



Example. — Manhattan ? — Situated in the South-East part of the State 
of New York. Surrounded by Harlem, East, and Hudson Rivers. It ia 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



119 



the most important island, of its size, in the world. It contains the great 
city of New York, which has a commerce only equalled by one other city, 
namely, London. 

Miles. 

Long Island ? 140 by 15. 

Staten j 14% 7. 

Manhattan ? 13 by 2. 



What is the character of the Public Works 
in the State of New York ? 

The State of New York has fairly taken the lead of all other countries in 
her Public Works and internal improvements, among the most prominent 
of which are her Canals and Rail Roads. 

The Canals exceed 1000 miles in length ; and those belonging to the 
State, produce a revenue of over 3,500,000 dollars annually. The cost of 
all the Canals in the State is about 50,000,000 of dollars. The Great Erie 
Canal may Justly be considered a Wonder of the Western World. 

The Rail Roads are nearly 3,000 miles in length, and cost 100,000,000 of 
dollars. They belong to incorporated companies. The New York and Erie 
Rail Road, a stupendous work, the most gigantic of its kind in the world, 
cost over 20,000,000 of dollars. It has an uninterrupted, broad track of 
543 miles, and, with its twelve branches, traverses a region of 1155 miles. 

These great and splendid works are testimonials of the indomitable per- 
severance and enterprize of the people of the State of New York, and are 
alone sufficient to give to the State an enduring character of grandeur and 
superiority. 

Will you name the principal Canals in the 
State of New York ; and mention their 
length and direction, and what Counties 
they pass through ? 



N. Y. Canals. 



Miles. 



N. Y. Canals. 



Miles 



Erie Canal, . 
Genesee Valley 
Chenango, 
Black River, 
Champlain, . 
Chemung, 
Oswego, 
Cayuga and Seneca, 
Crooked Lake, 



363 
118 

97 
90 
66 
39 
38 
23 
8 



10 



Oneida Lake, 

Several short Canals, . 

Total State Canals, . 
Delaware and Hudson, . 
Other Incor. Canals, 

Total State and Incor. 



6 

53 

901 

109 

47 

1,057 



What is a Canal 1 

It is an artificial channel constructed for purposes of water transportation. 



120 



HART'S GEOGRAPHY. 



Will you name the principal Rail Roads in 
the State of New York ; and mention their 
length and direction, and what Counties they 
pass through ? 





N. Y. Rail Roads. 


Miles. 




N. Y. Rail Roads. 


Miles. 


i 


:\e\v York and Erie, 


513 


17 


Albany &W. Stockbridge. 


33 


v 


12 Branches to do., 


612 


18 


Cayuga & Susquehanna, 


35 


li 


Hudson .River, 


144 


19 


Oswego and Syracuse, . 


35 


4 


Northern, 


118 


20 


Hudson and Berkshire, 


. 32 


5 


Rochester and Syracuse, 


104 


21 


Attica and Buffalo, 


32 


(> 


Long Island, 


93 


22 


Rensselaer and Saratoga, 


25 


7 


Water-town and Rome, 


97 


23 


Sackett's H. & Ellisburg, 


23 


8 


Sew York and Harlem, 


80 


24 


Buffalo & Niagara Falls. 


22 


9 


Auburn and Rochester, 


78 


25 


Saratoga & Schenectady, 


22 


10 


TJtica and Schenectady, 


78 


26 


Schenectady and Troy, 


21 


11 


Buffalo and State Line, 


67 


27 


Chemung, 


18 


12 


N. York and N. Haven, 


61 


28 


Albany and Schenectady, 


17 


13 


Syracuse and Utica, 


53 


29 


Troy and Greenbush, . 


6 


14 


Canandaigua & Corning, 


48 




Several short Branches, 


50 


15 


Tonawancla, 


44 









16 


Saratoga & Washington, 


40 




Total, 


2,639 



What is a Rail Road 1 

It is a road nearly level, upon Avhich bars or rails of iron are securely 
placed, and constructed for purposes of rapid land transportation. 

Will you point out the map of the State of 

New York ? 
How is that State bounded 1 
How many counties are in the state ? 
How many Senatorial Districts ? 
Will you name and point out the counties 

rapidly 1 
Will you name and point out the Senatorial 

Districts '? 
Name the first ten counties in the order of 

population ? 
How is each county bounded, beginning at 

New York or Manhattan ? 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 121 

What counties are on the border of Lake 

Ontario ? 
What counties are bordered by Pennsylvania ? 
What great inland seas belong to New York ? 
Which is the largest lake entirely within the 

State of New York ? 
What lake within the State of New York 

is the most picturesque in the world ? 



LAKE GEORGE. — NEW YORK. 



What great naval battles were fought upon 
Lakes Champlain and Erie ? Between what 
nations ? Who were the victors ? Seep. 46.. 

How manv inhabitants has the State of 
New York ? 

What proportion does the population of this 
great state bear to the United States ? 

One-seventh.) 

What streams are tributary to the " Great 
North River ?" 



122 



HART 7 S GEOGRAPHY. 



Who gave that celebrated stream the name 
of " The Great North V (Hendrick Hudson.) 
When was it discovered by him ? (1609.) 

What towns were first settled in this state ? 

Manhattan, Albany, Schenectady, and the Post of Esop, (or Esopus.) 
They were the first permanent settlements of any of the older states, and 
were established by our gallant and enterprising ancestors, the Hollanders, 
as trading posts, many years before the coming of the Anglo-Saxon people, 
who called themselves Puritans. In 1613 the whole coast from New i ranee, 
(now Nova Scotia, &c) down to the Capes of the Delaware, Avas surveyed 
by the Hollanders ; and in 1616, the first vessel built in North America, was 
launched at Manhattan. 

To what other race, besides the Hollanders, do 
the New Yorkers, or Knickerbockers, owe 
their origin ? (To the Huguenotic French.) 

What and where is the greatest and most 
celebrated natural curiosity in the world ? 




THE GREAT CATARACT OF NIAGARA. — NEW YORK. 



What is the perpendicular pitch of the Falls 
of Niagara ? (160 feet.) 

Sailing West of Albany, what towns do you 
find on the Great Canal ? 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 123 

What is the largest island belonging to N. York ? 

Long Island is the largest, and next to Manhattan, the most important 
in the United States, and belongs to the State of New York. It is one 
hundred and forty miles in length, and from ten to fifteen broad, and con- 
tains three counties and numerous flourishing towns. Population, 213,000. 

What counties are on Long Island ? 

What is the population of Long Island ? How 

long is it ? How ivide ? 
How many of the states have a smaller popu- 
lation than Long Island ? {Seven.) 
How many counties are on Staten Island ? 
How many counties are on Manhattan Island ? 
Which is the first city in the state ? The second ? 

The third ? The fourth ? The fifth ? 
What city is the capital of the state, and 

where situated I 
What is the population of the city of New York ? 

Of Brooklyn ? Of Albany 1 Of Buffalo ? 
On what island is the city of N. Y. situated ? 
What river separates that island from the 

main land ? (Harlem.) 

What river or strait separates New York from 

Brooklyn ? (East.) 

What three counties are farthest North ? 
Which is the most Westerly county ? 
Where is Tappan Bay '? New York Bay ? 

Jamaica Bay ? Gardner's Bay ? South Bay ? 
What is the distance from New York to 

Albany ? (145 miles.) 

What towns are on lake — 

Chatauque ? Cayuga ? 

Canandaigua ? Owasco ? 

Seneca ? Champlain ? 



124 hart's geography. 

Sailing up the Hudson, what towns do you 

meet with ? 
What waters are united by the Northern or 

Champlain Canal ? {Champlain and Hudson.) 
What is its length ? 
What waters are united by the Great Erie 

Canal ? {Erie and Hudson.) 

What is its length ? 
Point out the lakes which discharge their 

waters through the Seneca or Oswego River 

into Lake Ontario ? 

Seneca River is formed by the outlets of Lakes Canandaigua, Cayuga, 
Owasco, Skaneateles and Onondaga. After receiving the outlet of Oneida 
Lake, it becomes Oswego River, and flows into Lake Ontario at the city 
of Oswego. 

What lakes empty into the Genesee River ? 
What lake passes into the Susquehannah ? 
What lake discharges through the Sorelle ? 
Sailing from New York city, by what inland 

water communications can you go to Buffalo ? 

To Oswego ? To Cincinnati ? To N. Orleans ? 
What county, island and city, belonging to 

this state, are of the same name and extent ? 

{New York.) 
What single state contains a population greater 

than all " New England V {New York.) 

How many states have a smaller population 

than the city of New York ? {Fourteen.) 

Name the southern range of counties ? 
Name the counties East of the Hudson River ? 
What counties border on the West side of the 

Hudson River ? 
What are the central counties of New York ? 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 125 

Between what parallels of latitude, and meri- 
dians of longitude, is the State of New York 
situated ? 

What is the form of government of New York ? 

The State of New York is one of the Thirty-one Independent Republic? 
which form the United States of North America. The government is the 
purest Republican ever known. All the official functionaries from the 
highest to the lowest, legislative, civil, judicial and military, with scarcely 
a siugle exception, are elected by the people. Every male citizen is entitled 
to vote who has attained the age of twenty-one years. By the revised Con- 
stitution of 1846, the Executive and Legislative government is made to 
consist of a Governor, Lieutenant Governor, a Senate of thirty-two mem- 
bers, who are elected every two years, and an Assembly of one hun- 
dred and twenty-eight members, who are elected every year. This state is 
independent of all other states, as it relates to its internal affairs ; but it i^ 
associated with the other thirty states for the general purposes of commerce 
and common security. 

Is there any religion established by law in the 
State of New York ? 

None whatever. Every person worships according to the dictates of his 
own conscience. The constitution of the state and the spirit of the people 
forever forbid compulsion in matters of religion. No part of her history is 
stained with religious persecution. 

What are the character and condition of the 
Military Establishment of the State of 
New York ? 

This patriotic state can send into the field, armed and equipped, over 
200,000 of her sons — more than sufficient to repel aggression from any source 
or combination, whatever. In the war of the Revolution she did her part- 
bravely, according to her means. It is a historical fact that the Revolu- 
tion originated in New York, by the first resistance of her citizens to 
British tyranny and oppression, as early as 1765, and that resistance spread 
to the other colonies, until it finally broke out into open warfare. The 
second war against Great Britain was sustained upon our frontier almost 
entirely by her resources, energy and patriotism ; and by far the larger 
portion of the troops and sailors who fought in that war, were furnished by 
New York alone. In the more recent war with Mexico, her sons were 
bravest among the brave. 

What is the condition of the state in Agricul- 
ture, Commerce and Manufactures ? 

In the first two New York is without a rival upon this continent. Her 
tonnage is the greatest. Her ships and steamers are the finest and fleetest 
in the world, and are found in all parts open to commerce. In manufac- 
tures she stands in the first rank. Her commerce and manufactures pene- 



126 

trate everywhere ; and the extent of her agriculture is unsurpassed. Her 
unrivalled rivers interlock each other in their head waters in all directions, 
and together with our great chain of inland seas and canals, and our ex- 
tensive rail-roads, furnish the facilities of communication and the means of 
carrying, not only our own products, but those of distant states, to our great 
American metropolis and emporium — the city of Manhattan, whence they 
are exported to other countries. The city of New York alone, by her great 
commerce, pays two thirds of the entire revenue of the United States ; 
and it may safely be predicted that, at no distant day, this flourishing city 
will regulate the exchanges of the world. 

What have you to say of the state of Educa- 
tion and the condition of the schools in 
New York ? 

No other state or country pays as much attention to the education of 
youth as the State of New York. Her crowning glory is her schools. 
There are 800,000 children receiving education in the common schools, 
and at least 100,000 in the private Seminaries and Academies. The number 
of children taught or receiving education, in this great state, is in the pro- 
portion of one in every three and four-tenths of the entire population of 
3,097,000 inhabitants. The statistics of education thus show the State of 
New York as taking the lead, in this regard, of all other civilized states or 
countries. [The proportion educated in England and Wales, given by 
one authoritj 7 , is one child in every fourteen persons ; by another authority. 
one in seventeen. For further authentic detail, see Table 11, at the end of 
this book.] 

The means of carrying out the stupendous and unequalled plan of educa- 
tion of New York are enormous. She has a fund devoted to that object of 
over 7,000,000 of dollars, including the deposit of the United States govern- 
ment fund of $4,000,000, besides the amount raised by taxation and her pub- 
lic lands. This state expends more in a single year for Teachers and 
School-houses, than the amount of the permanent fund of any other state. 
For the Teachers of Common Schools, alone, over one million and a quarter 
of dollars are expended annually. The Common School Districts number 
nearly 12,000. The excellent State Normal School, the pattern Common 
Schools, and the Academies and Colleges of the State, which have no 
superiors, are constantly sending forth thoroughly educated and practical 
teachers, who, in their laborious and responsible vocation, are doing honor 
to themselves and their country. The Common School system of the State 
of New York furnishes a model for the study and imitation of other states. 

What country do you live in ? In what state ? 
In what county ? In what city ? In what 
town ? In what village ? In what latitude ? 



1. Draw the outline of the State of New York upon your slates and 
black boards, and insert the counties, rivers, towns, &c, while reciting your 



2. Construct the Map of the State of New York upon paper, and finish it 
by lettering and coloring, under the direction of your teacher. 



127 



TABLES. 



Table 1. — Contents of the Earth's surface ac- 
cording to Hassel. 



Water, 146,321,340 Square miles. 

Land, 50,454.960 Square miles. 

Total surface of the globe, . . . . 196,776,300 Square miles. 



Table 2. — Contents of the Earth's surface ac- 
cording to Lavoisne. 



Water, 157,323,135 Square miles. 

Land, 41,648,651 Square miles. 

Total surface of the globe, .... 198,976,786 Square miles. 



Fable 3. — Comparison of the Grand Divisions 
of the Earth in size, according to Graberg. 



Grand Divisions. 



Square miles 



1 America, .... 

2 Asia, 

Africa, 

Austral-Asia, and Asiatic Isles, 

5 Europe, .... 



15.737,120 
15.301,736 
11,043,347 
4,655,520 
3,220,704 



Total of the Land 



49,958,427 



128 



HART'S GEOGRAPHY. 



Table 4. — Comparison of the Grand Divisions 
of the Earth by Population. 





Grand Divisions. 


Population. 


l|Asia, 

2 Europe, . 

3 Africa, 

4! America, 

5 j Austral- Asia, 2 m., and Asiatic Islands, 30 m., . 


430,000.000 

231,000,000 

100,000.000 

55,000,000 

32,000,000 


J 


Total population of the Earth, .... 


848,000,000 



Table 5. — Countries of North America. 





Countries. 


Population. 


Capitals. 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 


United States, . Republic, 
Mexico, . . . Republic, 
West Indies, . . Colonies, 
Central America, . Republics, 
British America, . Colonies, 
Russian America, . Colonies, 
Indians in N. A., estimated at 

Total of North America, 


24,000,000 
7,500,000 
3,270,000 
2,000,000 
1,450,000 
50,000 
1,730,000 


Washington. 
Mexico. 
Havana, &c. 
St. Salvador, &c. 
Quebec, &c. 




40,000,000 





Table 6. — Countries of South America. 





Countries. 


Population. 


Capitals. 


1 


Brazil, . . . Empire, 


6,000,000 


Rio de Janeiro. 


2 


Peru, . 


Republic, 


1,700,000 


Lima. 


3 


New Granada, 


Republic, 


1,687,000 


Bogota. 


4 


Chili, . 


Republic, 


1.250,000 


St. Iago. 


5' Bolivia, 


Republic, 


1,030,000 


Cbuquisaca. 


6 Argentine, . 


Republic, 


1,000,000 


Buenos Ay res. 


7 1 Venezuela, . 


Republic, 


900,000 


Caraccas. 


8 Equador, 


Republic, 


600,000 


Quito. 


9 Paraguay, 


Dictatorship, 


300,000 


Assumption. 


lORanda Oriental, 


Republic, 


200,000 


Monte Video. 


11 [Guiana, 


Colonies, 


183,000 


Geo. Par. & Cayenne. 


12|Patagonia Indians, 


150,000 






Total of So 


uth America, 


15,000,000 





TABLES. 



129 



Table 7. — Showing the Rank of the United 

States according to their Population, and 

the Capital of each State. 



p 


States. 


Pop. in 1S50. 


Capitals. 


1 


New York, .... 


3,097,000 


Albany. 


2 


Pennsylvania, 








2.312,000 


Harrisburg. 


3 


Ohio, . 








1,977,000 


Columbus. 


1 


Virginia, 








1,381.000 


Richmond. 


5 


Tennessee, . 








1,003,000 


Nashville. 


6 


Kentucky, . 








1,002,000 


Frankfort. 


7 


Massachusetts, . 








993,000 


Boston. 


8 


Indiana, 








9S9,000 


Indianopolis. 


9 


Georgia, 








879,000 


Milledgeville. 


10 


North Carolina, 








869,000 


Raleigh. 


11 


Illinois, 








852,000 


Springfield. 


VI 


Alabama, 








772,000 


Montgomery. 


13 


Missouri, 








684,000 


Jefferson City. 


14 


South Carolina, 








655,000 


Columbia. 


15 


Mississippi, . 








593,000 


Jackson. 


Id 


Maine, 








583,000 


Augusta. 


17 


Maryland, . 








583,000 


Annapolis. 


18 


Louisiana, . 








501,000 


New Orleans. 


I9j New Jersey, 








490,000 


Trenton. 


20 


Michigan, . 








396,000 


Detroit. 


21 


Connecticut, 








371,000 


N. Haven & Hartford 


22 


New Hampshire, 








318.000 


Concord. 


23 


Vermont, 








314,000 


Montpelier. 


24 


Wisconsin, . 








304,000 


Madison. 


25 


Arkansas, . 








208,000 


Little Rock. 


26 


California, . 








200,000 


San Jose'? Vallejo 1 


27 


Iowa, . 








192,000 


Iowa City. 


28 


Texas, 








188,000 


Austin. 


2D 


Rhode Island, 








148,000 


Providence, &c. 


30 


Delaware, . 








92,000 


Dover. 


31 


Florida, 








88,000 
161,000 
300,000 


Tallahassee. 




Indians in U. S. and Ter., 




56 Tribes in aU. 




United States, . 


23,495,000 


Washington City. 



The figures in the above Table, will probably be slightly varied by the 
official returns of the Census of 1850, which have not yet been entirely pub- 
lished. Estimates, in several cases, have, therefore, been resorted to, from 
the best sources within the reach of the compiler. (See pages 37 and 38.) 



130 



hart's geography. 



Table 8. — Territories of the United States, ac- 
cording to their Population ; and the Indian 
Tribes. 



Pop. in 1850. 



Capitals. 



New Mexico, 

District of Columbia, 

Utah, . 

Oregon, 

Minnesota, . 

Nebraska, . 

Indian Territory, 

Indians, E. of Rocky Mountains, 

Total Territory & Indians, 



62,000 

52,000 

25,000 

13.000 

6,000 

3.000 

100,000 

200,000 

461,000 



Santa Fe. 

Washington. 

Salt Lake City. 

Oregon City. 

St. Paul. 

Not organised. 

18 Tribes, emigrants. 

38 Tribes, scattered. 



Table 9. — Comitries of Europe according to 
Population. 





Countries. 


Population. 


Capitals. 


] 


Russia, . 


Empire, 


49,000,000 


St. Petersburg. 


2 


Austria, . 


Empire, 


37,000,000 


Vienna. 


3 


France, . 


Republic, 


34,000,000 


Paris. 


4 


Britain and Ireland, 


Kingdom, 


25,000,000 


London . 





Italian States, 


King., &c. 


17,000,000 


Naples, Rome, &c. 


6 


Germany, (proper,) 


Confed., 


14,000,000 


Frankfort. 


7 


Prussia, . 


Kingdom, 


14,000,000 


Berlin. 


8 


Spain, 


Kingdom, 


12,000,000 


Madrid. 


9 


Turkey, . 


Empire, 


9,500,000 


Constantinople. 


10 


Belgium. 


Kingdom, 


4,000,000 


Brussels. 


11 


Sweden & Norway, 


Kingdom, 


4.000.000 


Stockholm. 


12 


Portugal, 


Kingdom, 


3.500.000 


Lisbon. 


L3 


Holland, 


Kingdom. 


3.000.000 


The Hague. 


11 


Denmark, 


Kingdom, 


2.000,000 


Copenhagen. 


IS 


Switzerland, . 


Republic, 


2.000.000 


Berne, &c. 


16 


Greece, . 


Kingdom, 
* Europe, 


1,000,000 


Athens. 


1 Total population o 


231,000,000 





TABLES. 



131 



Table 10. — Countries of Asia, according 
their supposed Population. 



to 



S 


Countries. 


Population. 


Capitals. 


1 


Chinese Empire, 


168,000,000 


Pekin. 


»> 


Hindoo-stan, . . Colonies, 


150,000,000 


Calcutta. 


3 


Japan, .... Empire, 


25.000,000 


Jeddo. 


4 


Turkey in A. or Ottoman Empire, 


12,000,000 


Constantinople. 


5 


Birman Empire, Anam, &c, . 


11,000,000 


Ava, &e. 


6 


Arabia, . . . Tribes, 


10.000.000 


Mecca, &c. 


7 


Persia, ... Despot., 


9,000,000 


Teheran. 


8 


Afghani-stan, &c, . Tribes, 


6,000,000 


Cabul, &c. 


9 


Independent Tartary, . Tribes, 


5,000,000 


Bokhara. 


10 


Russia in Asia, . . Despot., 


4,000,000 


St. Petersburg. 


11 


Austral-Asia, . . Colonies, 


2,000,000 


Sydney. 




Asiatic Islands, 

Total pop. in Asia & Islands, 


30,000,000 










432,000,000 





Table 11. — Showing the number of Children 
receiving Education, in proportion to the Pop. 
of several countries in America and Europe. 



1 


New York, 


One in 3.6 


15 


Bavaria, 


. One in 8.0 


2 


Ohio, . 


One in 4.0 


16 


Holland, 


. One in 8.3 


3 


Massachusetts, 


One in 4.0 


17 


Scotland, 


. One in 10.0 


4 


Connecticut, . 


One in 4.0 


18 


Austria, 


. One in 10.0 


5 


Saxony, 


One in 5.3 


19 


Belgium, 


. One in 10.7 


6 


Bohemia, 


One in 5.7 


20 


Lombardy, 


. One in 12 


7 


Baden, . 


One in 6.0 


21 


Ireland, 


. One in 13.0 


8 


Maine, . 


One in 6.0 


22 


France, 


. One in 13.3 


9 


New Hampshire, . 


One in 6.0 


23 


Switzerland, 


. One in 13.6 


10 


Vermont. 


One in 6.0 


24 


Indiana, 


. One in 17.0 


11 


Rbode Island, 


One in 6.0 


25 


Spain, . 
Venetian Pr( 


. One in 17.6 


12 


Prussia, 


One in 7.0 


26 


)v., . One in 30.0 


13 


Denmark, 


One in 7.0 


27 


South Caroh 


na, . One in 64.0 


14 


Sweden & Norway, 


One in 7.0 


28 


Russia, 


. One in 77.2 



The above Table, drawn from authentic sources, small as it is, is one of the 
most instructive and valuable in the statistics of Education.' An inspection will 
reform several errors, repeated in many elementary works, and copied from one 
into another and believed, without investigation. "Thus, Scotland, Prussia, and 
the "New England" States, heretofore supposed to pay more attention to educa- 
tion than other countries, will be found behind others that were considered 
much lower down in the scale. New York, which stands at the head of this 
list, as she does in all other great national qualities, has now, (1851), even a 
greater appreciation, — standing at three and four-tenths, instead of the number 
above given by Don Ramon de la Sagra, of Spain. The Table is partly taken 
from a work of that gentleman, who, within a few years, visited many States 
where common schools were established, for the purpose of devising a plan of 
elementary education for his own country. 



132 



hart's geography. 



Table 12. — Showing the 38 States composi?ig 
the German Confederation. 



3 

(0 

3 
7? 


States 


Population 


Capitals. 


11 German Austria, . Empire, 


11,714,000 


Vienna. 




2 


German Prussia, . Kingdom, 


10,903,000 


Berlin. 




3 


Bavaria, . . . Kingdom, 


4,339,000 


Munich. 




4 


Hanover, . . . Kingdom, 


1,743,000 


Hanover. 




5 


Wurtemburg, . . Kingdom, 


1,667,000 


Stuttgard. 




6 


Saxony, . . . Kingdom, 


1,666,000 


Dresden. 




7 


Baden, . . . G. Duchy, 


1,227,000 


Carlsruhe. 




S 


Hesse-Darmstadt, . G. Duchy, 


793,000 


Darmstadt. 




9 


Hesse-Cassel, . . Electorate, 


722,000 


Cassel. 




10 


Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Duchy, 


479,000 


Schwerin. 




11 


Holstein, . . . Duchy, 


477,000 


Kiel. 




12 


Nassau, .... Duchy, 


383,000 


Wisbaden. 




13 


Luxemburg & Limburg, G.Duclr^, 


332,000 


Luxemburg 




14 


Brunswick, . . G. Duchy, 


269,000 


Brunswick. 




15 


Oldenburg & Kniphausen, G. D., 


267,000 


Oldenburg. 




16 


Saxe Weimar, . . G. Ducby, 


246.000 


Weimar. 




17 


Saxe Meiningen, . . Duchy, 


149.000 


Meiningen. 




18 


Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, . Duchy, 


140,000 


Gotha. 




19 


Saxe-Altenburg, . . Duchy, 


122.000 


Altenburg. 




20 


Mecklenburg-Strelitz, G. Duchy, 


88.000 


Strelitz. 




21 


Lippe-Detmold, . Principality, 


83,000 


Detmold. 




22 


Reuss, (younger), Principality, 


72,000 


Schleiz. 




23 


Rudolstadt, . . Principality, 


66.000 


Rudolstadt. 




24 


Anhault Dessau, . . Duchy, 


61.000 


Dessau. 




25 


Waldeck, . . Principality, 


56.000 


Arolsen. 




26 


Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Pr . , 


56.000 


Sondershausen. 


27 


Bernburg, . . . Duchy, 


47.000 


Bernburg. 




28 


Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Prin., 


43,000 


Sigmaringen. 


29 


Kb' then, .... Duchy, 


40.000 


Kb'then. 




3d 


Reuss, (elder), . Principality, 


32.000 


Greiz. 




31 


Schaumburg-Lippe, Principality, 


28.000 


Buckburg. 




32 


Hesse-Homburg, . Landgravate, 


23.000 


Homburg. 




33 


Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Prin., 


20.000 


Hechingen. 




34 


Liechtenstein, Principality, 


7.000 


Vadutz. 




35 


Hamburg, . . Republic. 


154.000 


Hamburg, 


Free City 


36 


Frankfort, . . Republic, 


65,000 


Frankfort, 


Free City 


37 


Bremen, . Republic, 


53,000 


Bremen, 


Free City 


3s 


Lubeck, . . Republic, 
Total of the Confed. States, say 


47,000 


Lubeck, 

Frankfort, on 


Free City 




38,000,000 


the Mayne 




To Germany Proper, 






14,000,000 


To other States, (see Table 9, and 


pages 68 ai 


id 70,) . 


24,000,000 




Total as above, . 






38,000,000 



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SMITH'S ARITHMETICS, gjj 



SMITH'S FIRST ARITHMETIC, 

OR LITTLE FEDERAL CALCULATOR ; 12 1 

Consisting of Questions and Tables to employ the mind and fingers only 
designed particularly to go before the Slate, and prepare for it. 

SMITH'S SECOND ARITHMETIC, 

OR PRACTICAL AND MENTAL ARITHMETIC 34 

On a new plan, in which Mental Arithmetic is combined xvith the 
use of the Slate, fyc. — 18mo. 

BY ROSWELL 0. SMITH. A. M. 

This work is constructed on the plan of the celebrated Pestalozzi, whose principles 
of instruction have found so extensive favor with the teachers of Europe and Ame- 
rica. That system of teaching has given to the processes of common Arithmetic, a 
precision, clearness and certainty scarcely inferior to the demonstrations of Geometry, 
and made, in comparison with the old method, " a royal road to learning" the sci- 
ence of numbers. " It is this science," says Pestalozzi, " which the mind makes use 
of in measuring all that are capable of augmentation or diminution 5 and when ra- 
tionally taught, affords to the youthful mind the most advantageous exercise of its 
reasoning powers, and that for which the human intellect becomes early ripe, while 
the more advanced parts of it may try the energies of the most vigorous and matured 
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SMITH'S THIRD ARITHMETIC, 

OR SMITH'S NEW ARITHMETIC, ON THE PRODUCTIVE SYSTEM; 

Accompanied by a Key and Cubical Blocks. — 12mo. 50 

BY ROSWELL C. SMITH, A. M. 

In this work, Mr. Smith seems to have left nothing undone, that an intelligent in- 
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principles of the science. Besides being full of practical examples of the simples' 
kind, arranged under rules expressed and explained in the very best manner, it 1 
made by means of occasional notes, a complete expositor for the technical terms and 
difficult words, that occur in it. There is probably no book in this department of 
study, which the beginner would find so well adapted to assist his first efforts, or 
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pupils the principles and processes of Arithmetic. It is confidently commended to 
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2 



Smith' s Series of Geographies. 



SMITH'S GEOGRAPHIES. 



SMITH'S FIRST BOOK IN GEOGRAPHY. 

BY % C. SMITH, A. M. 40 

This work is literally a Primary Geography — and not like some that have been 
and are now before the public, a mere story book — or like others — an abridgement 
of a larger work. 

These are defects, Mr. Smith has attempted to avoid, and the publishers believe 
without failing to do so 

While he has developed the first principles of Geography in a manner so simple, 
that the young child can easily understand them ; he has, at the same time, done it 
scientifically, and without descending to story telling or nursery talk. 

The work is beautifully illustrated, and elegantly printed, with colored maps — and 
in every respect a superior work. 



SMITH'S QUARTO GEOGRAPHY, 

OR, SECOND BOOK. 75 

Many teachers are satisfied, from experience, that the old Text books on the sci- 
ence of Geography are too much filled up with statistical, Geological, and Historical 
minutia. This defect consumes much valuable time both of teacher and pupils, be- 
sides rendering the study so formidable that a large portion of those attending com- 
mon schools never enter upon it — or if they do, very rarely go through it to the end. 

To obviate this difficulty and render the study pleasing and attractive, Smith's 
Quarto Geography has been prepared, and contains nothing but what properly be- 
longs to this science, and is so condensed as to enable the learner if diligent, to ac- 
quire a good practical knowledge of the leading features and facts of Geography, in 
a single term of three or four months. 

The maps are from steel plates and finely colored, and the questions on the maps 
are usually on the opposite page, at the same opening. 



GEOGRAPHY ON THE PRODUCTIVE SYSTEM; 

ACCOMPANIED BY A LARGE AND VALUABLE 

ATLAS, FOR SCHOOLS, ACADEMIES, AND FAMILIES, 

REVISED AND IMPROVED 84 

BY ROSWELL C. SMITH, A. M. 

This work has been so well known, in its former editions, and so highly approved 
by the multitudes who have used it, that it would seem unnecessary to say anything 
more for the present edition, than that it has been thoroughly revised and improved 
bp the author. The improvements do not consist in many alterations of the plan of 
the work, which is as simple and natural as can be desired, but in such additions and 
alterations as the progressive changes in the science of Geography from time to time 
render necessary. 

3 



CADY & BURGESS'S PUBLICATIONS. 

Smith's Illustrated Astronomy. 

The work is divided into three parts. 

The First Part, intended for young beginners, is a complete Geographical Ex- 
positor, explaining, in simple language, and illustrating by numerous cuts, the terms 
used, in describing the natural and political divisions of the earth. It also contains a 
well digested series of questions upon the maps, adapted to a first class in Geography. 

Part Second, commences with what may be termed the Geometry of Geography, 
explaining and illustrating the technical terms employed in the science, the imagi- 
nary lines on which maps are constructed, &.c , &c, and concludes with a brief view 
of the different races of the human family, the religions which prevail among them, 
and the gradual developments of civilization, from the savage to the civilized and 
enlightened. These two parts constitute the Introductory course. 

Part TMrd consists of a faithful and comprehensive treatise, embracing Descrip- 
tive, Mathematical, Physical, and Civil or Political Geography, in which History is 
occasionally, and happily blended. The definitions of terms, arranged in the notes, 
are very full, and constitute a valuable addition to the work. 



OF THE ATLAS, &c 

It is particularly thorough and complete in the system of emblems and abbrevi- 
ations, such as stars, crosses, books, ploughs, 4 - c, by which the Government, Reli- 
gion, State of Society, Population, and other matters relating to the more important 
countries, become apparent at first glance. By this arrangement, which calls into 
simultaneous exercise the powers of the mind, and the eye, impressions are mad« 
more abiding than by any other means whatever. 



SMITH'S ILLUSTRATED ASTRONOMY, 

FOR THE USE OF 

THE PUBLIC OR COMMON SCHOOLS IN THE UNITED STATES, 

Illustrated ivith numerous Original Diagrams, 

BY ASA SMITH, #1,00 

Principal of Public School No. 12, of the City of New- York. 

It has been the object of this Manual of Astronomical Science to present all the 
distinguishing principles in Physical Astronomy with as few words as possible, but 
with such other ocular demonstrations, by way of diagrams and maps, as shall 
make the subject easily understood. The letter-press descriptions and the diagram- 
matic illustrations will invariably be found at the same opening of the book ; and 
more explanatory cuts are given and at a much less price than have been given in 
any other Elementary Astronomy. 

The plan is so simple and illustrations so complete, together with the beautiful 
style in which it is got up, that it cannot fail of an extensive introduction. The fol- 
lowing are some of the popular characteristics of the work : 

1st. Its size being in quarto form, enabled the author to introduce larger diagram* 
than are found in any other primary work on the same subject. 

2nd. The lessons, in all cases, face the diagrams to which they refer; this places 
the illustration constantly before the eye of the pupil while he is studying his lesson. 

3rd. The explanations are placed upon the diagrams themselves ; rendering it 
unnecessary to use letters of reference, which are useless and perplexing to children. 

4th The planets are shown in their various positions in their orbits, as well as th« 
inclination of their axis to the plane of their orbits. 

Sth. Many of the diagrams are original, and most of them are drawn upon a dif- 
ferent principle from the ordinary diagrams in use, and it is believed better illustraU 
the subject to which they refer. 

4 



Tower's Series of School Books 



TOWER'S SERIES OF SCHOOL BOOKS. 



The first essential of good reading is a distinct articulation. This can only result 
•com practice of the elementary sounds and their combinations. All of these simple 
elements and their combinations are given, with ample directions, arranged in the 
simplest and most compact form in the first books of Tower's series. 

The next points are Emphasis and the Tones. 

These are set forth and fully and practically explained and illustrated in the last 
*.wo Readers. Reference may be made to the Treatise on Emphasis in the N. A. 
Second Class Reader, beginning on the 40th page, and ending on the 61st page. Refer 
also to the N. A. First Class Reader, to the original Essay beginning on the 11th page 
and ending on the 23d page. 

The character of the selections in these two books is such as to claim the atten- 
tion of all who are in search of reading matter that will wear. 

The superiority of these books is acknowledged wherever they have been fairly 
presented so as to ensure their examination. 



GRADUAL PRIMER.-TOWER'S FIRST BOOK. 10 

The merits of this book consist, — 

1. In coupling letters by their resemblances. 

2. In giving only a few letters of the alphabet, before words are given composed 
solely of those few letters. 

3. In giving only one vowel in a lesson, with words which contain the name-sound 
of that vowel. This is a new and peculiar method of teaching the alphapbet. 

4. In considering the several powers of each vowel in a separate lesson, with easy 
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teaching only one thing at a time. 

5. The dipthongs or combined vowels are taught in the same manner. 

6. Each consonant element is then considered by itself, in a separate lesson, with 
easy words and sentences, for exercise on its particular sound. 

7. Particular and specific directions are, for the first time, given to teachers, for 
uttering each elementary sound in the language. 

8. More general directions or suggestions are also given for teachers. 

Tables, peculiar to this Series alone, are inserted for daily practice of classes simul- 
taneously in all the simple elementary sounds. 

These are the prominent features of this Primer, and are peculiar to it alone, 
The teacher, as well as the pupil, will, from its use, lay the foundation of a distinct 
articulation, and be saved from much expense of time and labor in unlearning. 
This is "the right step taken in the right place." 



Introduction to the Gradual Reader.— Second Book. I 7 

The peculiarities of this book consist, — 

1. In taking the pupil gradually through all the easier consonant combinations, by 
a regular progressive exercise on each combination. 

2 Through all the points, or marks used by writers, illustrating each in a sepa- 
rate lesson. 

5 



CADT «b BURGESS'S PUBLICATION. 

Tower's Series of School Books. 

3. Through all the simple slides of the voice, in the same manner. 

4. regressive reading lessons, adapted to the progress of the pupil. — The read 
ing lessons are kept entirely distinct from the lessons in articulation, points, &c, 
that only one thing may be taught at a time, as in the Primer, which it is designed to 
follow. 

5. Tables for daily simultaneous practice of the elementary sounds, and simple 
combinations This book is the second progressive step in attaining a distinct utter- 
ance, and correct pronunciation. 

6. Suggestion! to teachers for avoiding errors in reading. 



INTERMEDIATE READER. 25 

The "Primer" and " Introduction" were prepared from a conviction that the 
training requisite for acquiring distinctness of utterance, to be most efficacious, 
should begin in the Primary School ; and that the organs of speech, in their develop- 
ment and growth, should be early habituated to accuracy. In furtherance of this 
plan, there seemed to be needed between the " Introduction" and the " Gradual 
Reader," an intermediate step, which should contain, for daily practice, a regular 
system of " Exercises in Articulation," for Primary Schools, such as had been put 
forth in the Gradual Reader, in 1841, for more advanced pupils 

In this book, condensed into a small compass, will be found the requisite Exer- 
cises upon the Vowel and Consonant elements and their combinations, in the only 
shape in which, by the decision of teachers, they can be of any use to the pupil. 
The element or combination of elements, is given first ; then, words containing the 
same ; and, lastly, a sentence in which some word is used iliustrating the same ele- 
ment or combination. These exercises are intended as a species of vocal gymnastics, 
as necessary for training and strengthening the organs of utterance, as bodily ex*"-- 
cise is for developing muscular power 



From trie School and Schoolmaster, by Messrs Emerson & Potter 

"Lessons should be given for the double purpose of exercising the organs of the 
voice, and of teaching full and perfect enunciation There are two excellent works 
containing suitable exercises for this purpose ; one of which is Tower's Gradual 
Reader, recently introduced into the Boston Schools, with the best effects." 



_ "After the simple sounds, exercises should follow in the most difficult combina- 
tions of consonants ; on which an excellent series of lessons may be found in the 
Gradual Reader already referred to. It is by such exercises, daily resumed, but 
never continued long at once, that the organs of the voice are trained, and perfect 
enunciation, the most important element of reading, speaking, and, in no slight de- 
gree, of thinking, is gradually acquired." 



GRADUAL READER-THIRD BOOK 25 

This book contains,— 

1. Such a selection of reading matter as will interest, as well as instruct, the learn- 
er, progressively suited to his capacity. 

2. A complete and original system of articulation, consisting of exercises upon 
every vowel and consonant elemeni, and upon every vowel and consonant combina- 
tion, in the language, even the most difficult. This was the first ever published, and 
is the only complete system. 

3. Tables for simultaneous practice, by a whole school, on all the elementary 
Kmnds and their combinations. Since the p»blication of these Exercises, the sub- 



Tower's Series of School Books. 

ject of articulation has received much attention, and they are said to have done more 
for both teacher and pupil, in making good readers, than any other book. 

4. The Gradual Reader was prepared as stated in the preface, on the plan of teach- 
ing only one thing at a time, a plan peculiar to this book, unless copied by others. 

5. The exercises are kept separate from the reading lessons, that the whole school 
at once, may be kept daily drilled in some portion of them previous to reading ; then 
the pupil's attention will not be continually called from the sentiment and expression 
of a piece, by constant interruption, to correct his articulation. 

6. The exercises in this book are full, to supply any deficiency in the elementary 
instruction of advanced pupils. 

These three books furnish complete and thorough instruction in articulation, the 
ground work of all good reading. 



N. A. SECOND CLASS READER-FOURTH BOOK. 50 

BY TOWER & WALKER. 

1. This Reader contains an elaborate but comprehensive treatise on Elocution, in 
which the leading principles of good reading are simplified, and rules deduced and 
illustrated by practical examples. These are so plain that the child can easily com- 
prehend them. 

2. References are made in each reading lesson to some of the principles already 
developed, that the pupil may exercise his mind by the practical application of the 
same. 

3. Each lesson has its partial vocabulary, to exercise the pupil's judgment in dis- 
criminating and selecting the definition appropriate to explain the author's meaning. 

4. Above a thousand of the most difficult words are thus practically learned ; and 
the pupil's knowledge of language is understandingly enlarged. 

5. Each lesson is preceded by practical exercises in enunciation, exhibiting the 
correct pronunciation of words, and the distinct utterance of simple elements and 
difficult combinations 

6. These exercises may be practised simultaneously previous to taking up the 
reading lesson. 

7 The selections have been carefully made in reference to their practical utility 
and interest, and their adaptation to the capacity of the pupils for whom they were 
designed. 



N. A. FIRST CLASS READER-FIFTH BOOK. 84 

BY TOWER & WALKER. 

This Reader contains a philosophical treatise on the higher departments of Elocu 
tion. In this treatise the vocal elements are treated as the constituents of speech. 
Each one is considered in an insulated light, and illustrated by appropriate exer- 
cises. It is next shown how these constituents are applied in combination, in every 
instance of chaste and impassioned eloquence or correct and impressive reading. 
When this treatise is examined, it will be found that the whole subject is clearly il- 
lustrated, and the essential points are arranged in such a manner as to be easily com- 
prehended. " It is my firm conviction," says one of the most accomplished scholars 
of the present day, " the treatise on elocution and principles of reading as illus- 
trated and explained in the North American First and Second Class Readers, will do 
more to excite the attention on the subject of language and reading, than any thing 
else which has yet made its appearance ; and were I again to teach, I should by ail 
means exercise my classes on the illustrations as they are arranged under each prin- 
ciple. The selections are excellent, and, if merit be recommendation or any crite- 
rion of success, these books are destined to be more extensively used than other se- 
ries of reading Books which has yet been published." These books are now pre- 
sented to the public without agents to push them into notice, it being presumed that 
when examined they will meet with general favor. 

7 



CADY & BURGESS'S PUBLICATIONS. 



Tower's Series of School Books 



GRADUAL SPELLER. 



IT 



1. This book is the first attempt to arrange words, in separate classes, by the con- 
sonant combinations — thus aiding the memory on the principle of association. 

2. It is free from the unmeaning cuts which disfigure most of the books of the 
kind, and furnish a gratuitous supply of playthings to distract the attention. 

3. It is not cumbered with reading lessons, useless, because out of place. 

4. It contains an exercise on each consonant element as well as each vowel ele- 
ment. 

5. It gives also an exercise on each consonant combination separately. No other 
Spelling-book does. 

6. It gives the sound of each vowel in every word ; without which, any Spelling- 
book would be worse than useless in a school. 

7. The sounds of the vowels are indicated by a new method ; so simple, that any 
child can readily master and use it. 

8. The same notation answers for the diphthongs, which is an advantage over any 
other plan. 

9. As each element and each combination is considered in a separate exercise, the 
book is a great collateral aid to articulation, while it gives the correct pronunciation 
in connection with teaching the orthography of the language. 



INTELLECTUAL ALGEBRA. < 

This is on a new and original plan, and is the first attempt to simplify and illus- 
trate this science, that it may be taught orally. As a discipline of the mind in teach- 
ing the pupil to think and reason, algebra is pre-eminent ; and this work places it in 
the power of younger classes to be benefited by such mental exercise. Where it 
has been used, it has more than answered the high expectations of teachers. 

1 The processes are so divided and subdivided as to present but one thing at c 
time to the learner, and that in its simplest form. 

2 The operations are limited to small numbers, so as not to embarrass the reason- 
ing powers. 

3 The pupil is led gradually from the simplest to more complicated reasoning. 

4. Though not designed for that purpose, it has been used successfully as a text, 
book for written algebra. 



A COMPLETE KEY TO THE ALGEBRA- 

This book contains explanations and solutions to all the questions in the Algebra, 
for the convenience of teachers, and for their use only. 



GRADUAL LESSONS IN GRAMMAR. 



BY D. F. TOWER, &. BEN. F. TWEED. 



45 



1. It is based entirely on the analysis and composition of sentences ; and its exer- 
cises are, consequently, from the very beginning, entirely of a practical character. 

2. The subject and the predicate of each proposition are foci modified or limited by 
all other words therein. 

3. The pupil must not only know the meaning of each word, but how it affects the 
meaning of the general proposition. 

4. Besides the abstract powers of words, the local value will also be gradually 
acquired from observing their modified influences as they are variously used. 

6. Lan^ua^e is, in this way, both regarded and studied as the medium of thought. 

8 



CADY & BURGESS'S PUBLICATIONS. 



' s Series of School Books. 



6. The two principal parts of a proposition must first be found ; then how each is 
modified by the several words that cluster around it ; and thus how the meaning of 
the part or the whole is affected thereby. This is an invaluable exercise of the un 
derstanding. 

7. Then the pupil is required to analyze compound sentences, till the connection or 
dependence of clauses is rightly understood, with their Limiting or modifying power. 

S. Sentences are thus analyzed and constructed, and the relations of words and 
clauses comprehended, with the limiting force of each, before the minor distinctions 
and the technicalities are introduced. 

9. The plan is new, and pleases every enlightened teacher who examines it. The 
pupil is taught to compose as well as analyze. 

Teachers say that this Grammar opens a new path for the pupil, enabling him to 
pursue this sometimes dry study not only understandingly, but with interest and 
pleasure. It is predicted of the " Lessons," that they will produce as great a change 
in the method of teaching grammar, as Colburn's " First Lessons" did in arithmetic. 

This may certify, that the "Gradual Lessons in Grammar," by David B. Tower, 
M.A., and Benjamin F. Tweed, Esq., has been used, about three years, in all the 
Grammar Schools of this city, with entire and universal satisfaction. 

The very favorable opinion, formed from a cursory examination of the work, ha? 
been fully confirmed by a much surer test, — the practical results. The three succes- 
sive classes which have entered the High School, have shown a more perfect know 
ledge of the fundamental principles of English Grammar, and a greater facility in the 
analysis and construction of sentences, than I have ever found in scholars trained 
under any other system. 

c sai; Scho01 ' caleb ™ ery . ?™^ 

From Rev. Edwin Hall. 

Norwalk, May I, 1S50. 
Having known Mr Tower during his College course as distinguished for judge- 
ment, taste and scholarship — and having known his eminent reputation as a Teachr* 
for many years since, J was prepared to expect that this combination of talent, attain 
ment and experience, would enable him to produce a Series of School Books ol a 
very hign order On looking owr the books which you left with me. this expec 
tition has suliered no disappointment. I regard them as excellent and satisfactory-. 
Respectfully, EDWIN HALL." 



Central Institute, Philadelphia. 
Gentlemen : — With " Tower's Intellectual Algebra," the first attempt I have seen 
to render Algebra on oral exercise. I am exceedingly pleased. 

By enabling Teachers to present this thinker-making study in a more attractive 
and varied manner to pupils. Mr. Tower has done for us all an essential service, and 
I shall endeavor to show my appreciation of his labors, by introducing his valuable 
little book into this Institution at the earliest available moment. 
With many thanks for your kindness, I am, 

Your obedient servant, 
Messrs. Cady & Burgess, ) ALFRED L. KENNEDY, Principal- 
Publishers, New York. \ 

Central Institute, Philadelphia. 
Messrs. Cady & Burgess, Publishers, — I have been favored by your Agent with 
copies of "Tower's Readers," and I thank you for the favor, because 1 find them 
prepared on the true plan. 

We pay much attention to Elocution, and our pupils are living evidences of the 
efficacy of teaching one thing at a time, drilling frequently on the elements, and ex- 
ercising on animated, varied composition. 

All this you recommend and provide for in your Series, and I therefore heartily 
commend them to all Teachers, who would aid in a reform as much needed perhaps 
as any other, to wit — a reform in the art of Reading. 
Your obedient servant, 

ALFRED L. KENNEDY, Principal. 



CADY & BURGESS'S PUBLICATIONS. 

Miscellaneous School Books. 
GUERNSEY'S 

HISTORY OF TIIE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS : 

Extending from the discovery of America by Columbus to the present time ; 
With numerous ITIaps and Engravings, 

TOGETHER WITH A NOTICE OF 

AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES and the INDIAN TRIBES. 

BY EGBERT GUERNSEY, A. M. 

In preparing this work no expense or pains have been spared to make it worthy 
the patronage of all. Colored Maps of the French, English, Dutch, Swedish, and 
Spanish possessions or claims in the United States, in 1656 ; of Aboriginal America, 
and of Mexico ; with plans of Battles, Maps of Cities, &c, &c, are interspersed 
throughout the work. Appropriate questions and notes on the margin, with an his- 
torical chart, arranged on the best chronology. Two introductory chapters are in 
troduced, containing an account of American antiquities, and a History of the In- 
dian tribes. The history is divided into three parts or epochs. The first extending 
from the discovery of America by Columbus, to the Declaration of Independence. 
The second from the Declaration of Independence to the formation of the Federal 
Constitution. The third from the formation of the Constitution to the present time. 
In colonial history no important point has been passed over ; while a larger space 
has been devoted to the Revolutionary War than is usual in school histories. 

The biography of each President of the United States is given in connection with 
his administration. Throughout the entire work, the mind of the pupil is particu- 
larly directed to an overruling Providence, whose protecting care has been so often 
manifested in our national existence. The work is printed on large open type, well 
bound, and contains 450 pages 12mo. 



CLAGGET'S ELOCUTION, 

OR ELOCUTION MADE EASY J 

Containing Rules and Selections for Declamation and Reading, 

WITH FIGURES ILLUSTRATIVE OF GESTURE. 

THE AMERICAN EXPOSITOR, OR INTELLECTUAL DEFINER; 

DESIGNED TO PROMOTE THE GENERAL ADOPTION OF A 

SYSTEMATIC COURSE OF INSTRUCTION 

IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 

ACKERMAN'S NATURAL HISTORY. 

fhe design of this work is to awaken a spirit of inquiry in the minds of youth by 
"•siting before them in as condensed and as simple a manner as possible, some of the 
n. jst interesting portions of the History of the Animal kingdom. It is intended as a 
Reading and Recitation book, and is already extensively used in the first class of 
public schools. 
10 



CADY & BURGESS'S PUBLICATIONS 



Ives' Musical Series. 



IVES' 

NEW METHOD FOR TEACHING MUSIC. 



THE MUSICAL ABC. &.C. 

THE MUSICAL SPELLING BOOK, &.C. 
THE MUSICAL READER, &c. 

THE BEETHOVEN COLLECTION OF 
CHURCH MUSIC. 
THE MOZART COLLECTION OF 
SACRED MUSIC. 



TIHE MEJSIKDjyL Ac 



A NEW METHOD 

FOR TEACHING THE RUDIMEN i S or MUSIC, 

WITH SONGS TO SWEETEN STTTDY ; 

DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS OR PRIVATE INSTRUCTION. 

The importance of Music, as a department of general education, though but re- 
cently recognized, is now very widely felt and appreciated. And the introduction 
of music into the Primary Schools has done so much to elevate the moral sentiments 
of the pupils, as well as to amuse them, and lighten the dull monotony of their tasks, 
that there is probably not a teacher in the wide land, who has made the experiment, 
who would willingly dispense with it. As a mere aid to the discipline and order of 
a school, it is of inestimable value. 

The advantages of this method of instruction over others are numerous, but the 
most prominent are : — The pupil can commence at once, intelligently, to read music. 
There is no loss or waste of time, as there is when the Pitch and Time are practised 
separately : here they are studied in connection, and at an evident advantage to each. 
The pupil gains a knowledge of sounds in regard to their abstract pitch, as well as 
in regard to their relative pitch, pertaining to the Key. 

Let any one give the method a fair trial and they must be convinced that it is supe- 
rior to the method of transposing the scale. The use of the names, Do. Re. Mi. Stc., 
stationary, saves the pupil an immense amount of useless trouble. 

The simple beauty of the songs and poetry, cannot fail to interest children, while 
they, at the same time, cultivate a correct taste, and obtain a thorough knowledge 
of music. 

11 



CADY <fe BURGESSES PUBLICATIONS. 

Ives' Musical Series. 



THE MUSICAL SPELLING-BOOK, 

A NEW METHOD OF 

INSTRUCTION IN THE RUDIMENTS OF MUSIC 

TOGETHER WITH 

MUSICAL RECREATIONS AS A RELIEF FROM STUDY. 

The title of this work elucidates its character. It in the second step in the pro- 
gress of teaching Music to the Young — the ABC being the first. Its design is, to 
assist and guide the learner in the formation of his first habits. Habits are the results 
of frequent practice, and are essential to what is commonly termed faculty, in the 
acquisition or execution of an art. It is to furnish the means for this practice, and 
thus to form good habits, and ultimately develop and perfect the facility of music, 
that the "Spelling Book" has been arranged. And it is believed to be eminently 
adapted to accomplish these ends, in a manner equally acceptable to the teacher, and 
agreeable to the pupil. 

The plan of sol-fa-ing, which is introduced in these books, is an innovation upon 
that which has hitherto prevailed in this country among church music teachers, and 
teachers of singing in schools. It has long since been established throughout Europe, 
and it is certain to come into general use here ; for it must keep pace with the pro 
gress of the art. 

THE MUSICAL READER. 

This work is still farther advanced than the two last works noticed. It contains 
the system carried out to its greatest extent — lengthened exercises, examples, &c. 
It contains also twenty-six chorals, thirty-five solid and beautiful tunes of all metres, 
and a most novel and delightful arrangement of some of the chef d'eeuvres of our 
great dead and living masters. These pieces are arranged in three parts for female 
voices as trios or as chorus, but the : lowest part would be taken by an alto voice 01 
even high tenor. We have selections from the operas Zauberflcte and Clemenza di 
Tito, Idomeneo, Le Nozza di Figaro, of Mozart ; also, entire pieces from Bellini, 
Donizetti, Beethoven, Bertini, Weber, Herold, Rossini, &c. We have the Phantou\ 
and Wedding Chorus from Somnambula; the opening chorusses from Cinderella: 
Scena and Chorus from II Pirati, and others that we have Rot space to mention. Thi« 
is indeed an admirable book, and should be in the hands of all lovers of music. 

THE MOZART COLLECTION OF SACRED MUSIC, 

CONTAINING MELODIES AND CHORALS, 

SET TO FIFTY DIFFERENT METRES, ANTHEMS AND CHANTS, 

HARMONIZED IN FOUR PARTS ; 

TOGETHER WITH THE 

CELEBRATED CHEISTUS AND MISERERE, by ZINGARELLI, 

WITH THE ADAPTATION OF ENGLISH WORDS ; 

TO WHICH IS PREFIXED THE NEW METHOD OF 

INSTRUCTION IN THE RUDIMENTS OF MUSIC. 

The tunes in this book are of an easy and pleasing style, designed for choirs through 
out the country. 

The Miserere, or 51s« Palm, by Zine.arelli, is one of the most celebrated composi 
tions extant. It is designed to be performed by voices alone, and is Beyer accompa- 
nied, when performed in Italy, even though instruments are at hand. Jt commences 
with what is called the " Christus," and is comprised in twelve short pieces, or sen- 
tences, each of which may be performed alone as an introductory, or occasional 
piece, and occupies twenty-one pages of the book. It is believed that nothing so 
beautiful, and so simple, has ever appeared in a Church Music Book in this country. 
12 






POPULAR SCHOOL BOOKS, 

PUBLISHED BY 

CADY & BURGESS, 60 JOHN STREET. 



ACKERMAN'S NATURAL HISTORY, 

•288 pages, 1 2mo., half bound . ... i .... 4 .-t *.» * 

AMERICAN FXPOSITOR, 

or. Intellectual Definer — by JR. Claggett, A. M 

ELOCUTION MADE EASY, 

By R Claggett, A. M 

GUERNSEY'S HISTORY OF THE U. STATES, 

460 pages, 12mo., half bound 

•« " " " " cloth... 

BY R. C. SMITH, A. M. 

SMITH'S INTRODUCTORY ARITHMETIC, 

or, First Book in Arithmetic. lHmo < £n| 

SMITH'S PRACTICAL AND MENTAL, 

or. Second Book in Arithmetic — £88 pages, 18mo. . 

SMITH'S KEY TO " .-., 

SMITH'S NEW ARITHMETIC, 

or, Third Book in Arithmetic— 31:2 pages, 12mo., half bound 

SMITH'S KEY TO ',' . •■ 

SMITH'S FIRST BOOK IN GEOGRAPHY, 

Revised ed ition 

SMITH'S QUARTO, OR SECOND BOOK IN 

GEOGRAPHY, or, Sequel to the First Book. 

SMITH'S CEOGRAPHY AND ATLAS, 

or, Third Book 

BY ASA SMITH. 

SMITH'S ILLUSTRATED ASTRONOMY, 

in quarto form, illustrated with 28 diagrams 

SMITH'S ABRIDGED, 

72 pages, 12mo., with plates 

TOWER'S SERIES. 

GRADUAL SPELLER, 

and Complete Knunciator— 160 pages, 12mo 

GRADUAL PRIMER, 

or, Tower's Fust Book— 72 pages, ISmo 

INTRODUCTION TO GRADUAL READER, 

or. Tower's Second Book— 180 pages, 18mo 

GRADUAL READER, 

or. Tower's Third Book— 168 pases, 12mo 

INTERMEDIATE READER, 

168 pages, lv!mo 

NORTH AMERICAN SECOND CLASS READ- 
ER, or, Tower's Fourth Book— by D. B. Tower and Cornelius 
Walker. 288 pages, I2mc . cloth 

NORTH AMERICAN FIRST CLASS READER, 
or, Tower's Fifth Book— by D B. Tower and Cornelius Walker, 432 

pages. 12mo., sheep 

GRADUAL LESSONS IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR, 
with Sequel — by D B. Tower and Benj. F Tweed, 288 pages, l2mo. 

INTELLECTUAL ALGEBRA, 

:.r Oral F^xercises in Algebra— for Corimon Schools, by D B. Tower, 
pages, 12mo 

K E Y to " " 



